Full Download Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 11th Edition Ebook PDF
Full Download Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 11th Edition Ebook PDF
Berger is also the author of Invitation to the Life Span and The Developing Person Through the
Life Span. Her developmental texts are used at more than 700 colleges and universities
worldwide and are available in Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese as well as English. Her
research interests include adolescent identity, immigration, bullying, and grandparents, and she
has published articles on developmental topics in the Wiley Encyclopedia of Psychology,
Developmental Review, and in publications of the American Association for Higher Education
and the National Education Association for Higher Education. She continues teaching and
learning from her students as well as from her four daughters and three grandsons.
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface
PART V Adolescence
CHAPTER 14 Adolescence: Biosocial Development
CHAPTER 15 Adolescence: Cognitive Development
CHAPTER 16 Adolescence: Psychosocial Development
EPILOGUE Emerging Adulthood
APPENDIX More About Research Methods
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
CONTENTS
Preface
PART I
The Beginnings
Chapter 2 Theories
What Theories Do
Questions and Answers
Past and Future
Grand Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory: Freud and Erikson
Behaviorism: Conditioning and Learning
Cognitive Theory: Piaget and Information Processing
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Measuring Mental Activity
Newer Theories
Sociocultural Theory: Vygotsky and Beyond
Evolutionary Theory
OPPOSING PERSPECTIVES: Toilet Training—How and When?
What Theories Contribute
PART II
The First Two Years
Chapter 5 The First Two Years:
Biosocial Development
Body Changes
Body Size
Sleep
Brain Development
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Neuroscience Vocabulary
Harming the Infant Body and Brain
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Face Recognition
Perceiving and Moving
The Senses
Motor Skills
Cultural Variations
Surviving in Good Health
Better Days Ahead
A CASE TO STUDY: Scientist at Work
Immunization
Nutrition
Chapter 6 The First Two Years:
Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Intelligence
Stages One and Two: Primary Circular Reactions
Stages Three and Four: Secondary Circular Reactions
Stages Five and Six: Tertiary Circular Reactions
A VIEW FROM SCIENCE: Object Permanence
Information Processing
Affordances
Memory
Language: What Develops in the First Two Years?
The Universal Sequence
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Understanding Speech
Cultural Differences
Theories of Language Learning
OPPOSING PERSPECTIVES: Language and Video
Chapter 7 The First Two Years:
Psychosocial Development
Emotional Development
Early Emotions
Toddlers’ Emotions
Temperament
INSIDE THE BRAIN: Expressing Emotions
The Development of Social Bonds
Synchrony
Attachment
Insecure Attachment and the Social Setting
A CASE TO STUDY: Can We Bear This Commitment?
Social Referencing
Fathers as Social Partners
Theories of Infant Psychosocial Development
Psychoanalytic Theory
Behaviorism
Cognitive Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Sociocultural Theory
Conclusion
PART III
Early Childhood
PART IV
Middle Childhood
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carried back a long way to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and
other parts of the East.
Glass mills form an important part of the city’s industries and
have been in operation for a long time. Bottle glass is manufactured
here, besides three fourths of all the plate glass of the United States.
Perhaps it is because bottles are made in Pittsburg that we find here
also the largest cork factory in the world.
Pittsburg is proud of the fact that she handles more tons of
freight in a year than any other city in the world. Indeed, the tonnage
is greater than that of New York and Chicago taken together.
The old “point” between the rivers is filled with tall buildings.
Inclined railways run up the steep bluffs on the further side of each
river and lead to the beautiful streets and the homes where many of
the people live. For Pittsburg is not all coal and furnaces and smoke,
but has fine churches, the great Carnegie Library and Museum, and
many schools. But it is mostly because of the coal and the rivers that
we find here a splendid city.
Sixty-three miles down the Ohio river, on its left bank, is
Wheeling, the largest city in West Virginia. The business streets lie
close to the Ohio, and the houses extend up the steep slope to the
east, while over a high ridge comes the old National Road from the
valley of Wheeling creek. Wheeling was the goal of many heavily
laden wagons in the days of the pike, and because of the river and
many railroads has a large trade to-day. It was settled in 1770 and is
one of the oldest towns on the river.
On the north bank of the great stream, in the southwest corner of
Ohio, is the largest city on the river. As late as 1900 Cincinnati had a
few thousand more people than Pittsburg, but a “greater Cincinnati”
would not be so large as a “greater Pittsburg.”
In Cincinnati, as in Pittsburg, men do business on the low
grounds by the river, where offices and mills and shops crowd one
another, and the smoke of soft coal hangs as a cloud above.
Business hours over, the well-to-do merchants climb out of the grimy
town to the top of the bluffs, and there find, in a clearer air and along
open and beautiful avenues, their comfortable homes. Down town
the turbulent river sometimes comes up forty or fifty feet beyond its
usual level and makes trouble in the busy city, but Mt. Auburn and
Walnut Hills are disturbed neither by smoke nor by floods.
Rivers do not often flow in straight lines, and it is very common
for them to change their courses along their flood plains. This habit
of shifting belongs alike to great and small streams, whether the
Mississippi or the brook in the meadow. The Ohio, like other rivers,
often writes the letter S, and in so doing at this point has swung off
from its old north bank, leaving a low plain with room enough for a
hundred thousand people to carry on their business. There is always
some good reason which has led to the settlement and growth of a
town, and the history of Cincinnati shows no exception.
It was in early winter, 1788, when cakes of ice were already
floating on the river, that a number of men sailing downstream
stopped here and began a settlement. The place was not readily
named. It is said that the matter was left to a frontier schoolmaster,
and he did not lose the chance to show how much he knew. He saw
that the Licking river comes into the Ohio on the Kentucky side just
opposite. So he set down an L. He next remembered an ancient
word os, meaning “mouth,” and he put that down. Then he
considered that anti means “opposite” and that ville means “town.”
So he wrote the whole name,—L-os-anti-ville,—Losantiville,—“the
town opposite the mouth of Licking.”
We might wonder whether a town with a name like that would
ever grow into a great city. It did not have to try, for it was not long
before General St. Clair, who had come there, made fun of the name
and insisted upon a new one. He and other officers of the American
army had formed a society commemorating their experience in the
Revolution, and in honor of the Roman patriot Cincinnatus had called
themselves the Order of Cincinnati. St. Clair thought this a good
name for the town, and Cincinnati it has been since that time.
The place has its nickname also, and its people like to call it the
Queen City, which seems to go very well with Beautiful River.
Another name, rarely used and not very pleasing, perhaps, to those
who live there, is “Porkopolis,” which came from the fact that for forty
years before the American Civil War more pork packing was done in
Cincinnati than anywhere else in the country.
Fig. 52. Hilly Farm Lands in the Great Valley, near Knoxville
Besides the Scotch-Irish, there were many Germans who had
followed the valley from Pennsylvania, and there were Huguenots
also, besides a few Hollanders and Swedes. A fort was built on the
little river, and around this defense grew up the Watauga Settlement.
There was no Tennessee in those days.
Many of the settlers had followed down the valleys from earlier
homes in Virginia, and it never occurred to them that they were not
still living in Virginia, and able to call on the colony for help. But after
a time a man came to the settlement who was a surveyor, and for
some reason he thought that he would run the boundary line of
Virginia farther west. When he had done it, what was the surprise of
every one to find that they were not in Virginia at all! If they belonged
to any colony, it was to North Carolina. Unfortunately there was a
lack of good government in that colony, and the prospect of
belonging to it was not a pleasant one; indeed, some of the settlers
had run away from North Carolina, and had felt safer because the
great mountains rose between them and their former home.
There seemed nothing to do but to make a government of their
own, so they formed the Watauga Association, about which writers of
American history have said a good deal. It would be interesting to
see a copy of the constitution that was drawn up by these
backwoodsmen, but it has been lost, with little hope that it will ever
be recovered. It is known, however, that there was a committee of
thirteen, really a legislature. This committee chose five of their own
number to form a court, which had a clerk and a sheriff and made
laws for all the settlers. Roosevelt, in his Winning of the West, says
that these pioneers were the first to build a “free and independent
community” in America.
The two most important men of this little state in the wild forest
show us that the settlers came from widely different places. James
Robertson was one, and he came over the mountains from North
Carolina. John Sevier was the other, and he came down the valley
from Virginia. We shall need to know what sort of men these were.
James Robertson belonged to the Scotch-Irish people. He was
not one of the very first settlers at Watauga, but came in the second
year, 1770. He had no early education, and his wife, an intelligent
woman, taught him to read. He went alone over the mountains, with
only his horse and gun, in search of a place for a home. He found
the settlers and admired the place which they had chosen, but on his
way back in the fall he lost his horse and got his powder wet. He
wandered about, almost starved, until he met some hunters, who
helped him home. He told his neighbors of the lands in the valley,
and as soon as the winter was over his own family and sixteen
others started out for Watauga. He built a log house, went to work on
the land, and by his wisdom and energy soon came to be a leader of
the new colony.
John Sevier did not come until 1772. His father had been a
settler in the Shenandoah valley, and John followed the streams, as
we have traced them, to the Great Valley. He was by birth a
gentleman, using that word to mean a man born of cultivated parents
and familiar with the world. He was well educated and was
acquainted with prominent men, such as Franklin and Madison. Both
he and Robertson were good fighters, as we shall see.
It was not long before seven hundred Indian warriors, angry
because the white people had made homes on their hunting
grounds, stole in upon the settlement. An Indian woman, Nancy
Ward by name, who felt kindly toward the whites, secretly warned
them of the attack, so that when the savages came they found all the
men, women, and children in the fort. It was not much of a fort, but it
saved their lives. The Indians kept up the attack for six days, but the
colonists, led by Sevier and Robertson, held out against them and
killed a number of their braves. When nearly a week had passed the
red men, tired of the siege, went off through the forest.
Fig. 53. From the Pinnacle, Cumberland Gap, looking
Northeast along the Cumberland Mountains. The
Great Valley at the Right