NAME OF SCHOOL: DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

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THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY CLASS: SS TWO
SCHEME OF WORK

THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE

SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
CLASS: SS TWO

THIRD TERM SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC
1 REVISION /TERMS USED IN ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT
Meaning of animal improvement
2 ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT
Methods of farm animal improvement
a. introduction
b. Selection
3 ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT
Methods of farm animal improvement
c. Breeding
d. Mendelian laws of inheritance
4 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Meaning of artificial insemination
Processes or procedure of artificial insemination
5 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination
6 ANIMAL HEALTH AND DISEASES
Meaning of diseases
Types of diseases
Common terminologies in farm animal diseases
7 MID-TERM BREAK
8 ANIMAL HEALTH AND DISEASES
Symptoms of diseases in farm animals
Predisposing factors to farm animal diseases
9 REVISION
10-11 EXAMINATION

REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service.

WEEK 1 REVISION OF LAST TERM WORK

CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TOPIC: Revision of Last term works/ Terms used in Animal Improvement

CONTENTS: (a) Terms used in Animal Improvement

Sub-Topic : Terms used in Animal Improvement (Genetic terms)

1. Breed: It is a population of animals with the same gene composition exhibiting the same
characters or traits
2. Characters/Traits: These are heritable attributes which the animal breeders select e g
color, size, animal height etc.
3. Chromosomes: It is a structural unit of the nucleus which carries the gene in a linear order
4. Chromatin: It is one of the two thread-like structures formed by the longitudinal division of
chromosome during meiotic division
5. Genes: they are hereditary unit of inheritance responsible for transmission of traits from
parent to the offspring
6. Gamete: It is a matured sex cell which takes part in sexual reproduction and is usually in
haploid condition. Gametes are of two types: male gamete or spermatozoa in animals.
7. Zygote: It is a single cell formed as a result of union of male and female gametes. It is
usually diploid.
8. Phynotype: They are physically and physiologically expressed characters/ traits of an
individual eg height and clour
9. Genotype: It is the genetic make-up or constitution of an individual. This involves both
dominant and recessive characters
10. Dominant character: It is a character shown in an individual without any significant
influence of contrasting character present in the same individual e g Tt, Dd, Rr
Sub-Topic 2 :
11. Recessive character: It is the unexpressed character in the presence of a dominant
character e g Tt. Dd. Rr
12. Allelomorphs: they are pairs of genes on the same position of chromosomes that control
contrasting characters. A pair of allelomorphs is called allelic pair while each member of the
pair is allele
13. Monozygous: An animal is said to be homozygous if the two members of a pair of genes
controlling a given pair of contrasting character are identical e g TT, tt, CC, cc etc
14. Homozygous: Individuals in which the gene pairs for a particular traits are identical.
 15. Heterozygous: An animal is said to be heterozygous if the two members of a pair of genes
controlling a given pair of contrasting are different e g Tt, Cc, Rr, Dd
16. Hybrid: It is the offspring got from cross breeding two pure varieties of any species which is
intermediate between the parents in appearance.
17. Diploid: It is an organism with two chromosomes of each kind. Somatic cells usually carry
diploid number of chromosomes
18. Haploid: It is a cell or organism with half the total number of chromosomes. This is found in
sex or gametal cell
19. Filia generation: The offspring of parents make up the filia generation. The first, second,
third etc generation of offspring are known as first, second, third etc filia generation
denoted by F₁, F₂, F₃ etc respectively
20. Population: It is a community of individuals which shows a common gene pool of the same
species.

EVALUATION:
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Define animal improvement
2. State 8 terms used in animal improvement.
3. Explain any 5 terms used in animal improvement
REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service

WEEK 2
CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT : ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TOPIC : Animal Improvement
CONTENTS: Methods of farm animal Improvement

(a) Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of introduction

(b) Selection: Advantages and Disadvantages of selection

Sub-Topic 1: METHODS OR PROCESS OF ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT

A. Introduction
 B. Selection
C. Breeding

INTRODUCTION
This is bringing animals which are not native of a place but are known to have certain desirable
characters into a new place from the place of origin. Such animals are called exotic. Introduction can
be by physical importation either of the animals themselves or their semen.

Advantages of Introduction

1. It enhances greater productivity

2. It enhance conscious breeding against pests and diseases

3. Breeds may perform better and able to adapt to local conditions

4. it brings about improvement on indigenous animals

Disadvantages of Introduction

1. It may introduce new diseases and pests to the area

2. There may be problem of adaptation

3. The animals may not perform as expected

4. Animals may be susceptible to local diseases and pests

5. Quarantine procedures can cause shock to animal.

Sub-Topic 2 :
SELECTION
This is the method whereby a preferred animal is chosen from the population for breeding
based on physical features such as growth rate, color, size, resistant to disease and pest, fertility
rate, milk quantity and quality etc
TYPES OF SELECTION
(I) Natural selection
(ii) Artificial selection
NATURAL SELECTION: It operates on the basis of choosing individuals which are able to withstand
the unfavorable environmental forces.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: It involves man’s ability to discern by observing differences in the animals
available and to pick the desirable ones.
Types of Artificial selection
 a. Mass Selection: this is selection based on merits or performance. It is the same as individual
selection
b. Family Selection: this selection is based on the performance of the relatives or family. Family
selection is divided into two types
i. Progeny Selection: which is based on the performance of the offspring? The mother of the
best performed is retained while others are rejected
ii. Sib Selection: this is based on performance of the siblings
c. Pedigree Selection: In this selection, animals are selected or rejected on the basis of their
ancestor’s performance

Characters or traits to be considered in selection

1. Body shape
2. Legs
3. Coat or plumage colour
4. Male or female reproductive organs
5. Purpose of the animals
Advantages of Selection
1. It reduces the spread of diseases and pest
2. Animals with desirable traits are selected while others are rejected.
3. It ensures that only the best naturally available animals are selected
4. it ensures that animals from reputable families having records of superior performance are
used for breeding.

Disadvantages of Selection
1. It is tedious and time consuming
2. It requires expertise and technical know-how
3. It is expensive
4. It brings about elimination of some desirable traits of some parent stock
5. Selection is based on phenotypic features only
6. No new desirable characteristics are introduced.

GENERAL EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. Pedigree selection in animal improvement involves choosing animals based on (a) performance of
the offspring (b) performance of ancestors (c) individual characteristics (d) survival of the fittest
2. The breeding method in which unrelated animals of the same breed are allowed to mate is referred
to as (a) out-breeding (b) line breeding (c) in-breeding (d)cross breeding
3. When individual animals with desired characteristics favoured by the environment are chosen by the
farmer for breeding, this types of breeding is referred to as (a) selection (b) cross breeding (c) line
breeding (d) hybridization
4. The correct sequence in the processes of animal improvement is (a) breeding, selection,
introduction (b) introduction, selection, breeding (c) introduction, breeding, selection (d)
breeding, introduction, selection
5. A condition in which a gene does not manifest observable characteristics in the presence of its
dominant allele is known as (a) dominance (b) mutation (c) recessiveness (d) homozygosity
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Describe introduction method of farm animal improvement
2. State five advantages of introduction methods
3. Mention two groups of selection methods
4. State five types of artificial selection
REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service

WEEK 3
CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TOPIC : Animal Improvement (contd)

CONTENTS: Methods of farm animal Improvement

(c) Breeding: types of breeding or methods of breeding

Mendelian laws of inheritance

Sub-Topic 1: METHODS OR PROCESS OF ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT

BREEDING
Heritable qualities are transferred from parents to their offspring during breeding. This is done
through conventional (traditional) and modern breeding techniques

This is bringing animals which are not native of a place but are known to have certain desirable
characters into a new place from the place of origin. Such animals are called exotic. Introduction can
be by physical importation either of the animals themselves or their semen.

Types of Breeding
(a) Inbreeding: This involves mating of more closely related animals eg mating of brothers and sisters,
sire and daughter, son and dam etc. Inbreeding produces offspring with undesirable characteristics,
inbred lines that can be used for cross breeding and also leads to inbreeding depression.

Advantages of Inbreeding

1. It makes it possible for the development of pure- breed

2. It helps to eliminate undesirable genes

3. it can fix a particular trait or character within a breed

Disadvantages of Inbreeding

1. It reduces hybrid vigour

2. It can lead to fertility problems among the offspring after a long period

3. A particular disease can be passed down from generation to generation

(b)Line Breeding: it is the mating of individuals that are not more closely related than half brothers
and sisters or mating between cousins. Line breeding is used to consolidate some traits of the sire or
dam. It helps breeders to develop pure individuals without having much loss.

(c) Cross Breeding: it is the mating of proving quality animals of different breeds eg N’dama x Muturu;
Land race x Large white or Rhode Island Red (female) x White leghorn (male). Cross breeding gives
increased vigor, higher production capacity, greater growth rate, ability to withstand variations in the
environment and resistance to disease in the offspring

Advantages of cross breeding

1. Production of offspring better than the parent

2. It can be a way of controlling diseases

3. It result in higher rate of production

Disadvantages of cross breeding

1. It is very expensive to practice

2. It lead to disappearance of trait peculiar to pure breed of an animal.

(d) Out Breeding: this is mating unrelated animals within the same breed. It produces offspring with
greater vigor and productivity.
(e) Back Cross: it is a cross between an offspring and one of the parents

(f) In-cross: this is mating inbred lines of different breeds.

Sub-Topic 2 : MENDELIAN LAWS OF INHERITANCE

Mendelian laws of inheritance

1. Law of Segregation of Genes: This law states that genes are responsible for the
development of the individual and that they are independently transmitted from one
generation to another without undergoing any alteration. This law can be explained by a
particular character such as a cross between the tall and the short animals in F₁. When F₁
animal is selfed to produce F₂, it will segregate into tall and short animals. This can be
explained as follows:

2. Law of Independent Assortment of Genes: This law state that each character behaves as a
separate unit and is inherited independently of any other character. This law can be explained
by using a true breeding animal with tall and color animal with another true breeding animal
with dwarfish and colorless animal. Let TTCC represent tall and color and ttcc represent
dwarfish and colorless.

TC Tc tC tc

TC TTCC(1) TTCc (2) TtCC (3) TtCc (4)

 Tc TTCc (5) TTcc (6) TtCc (7) Ttcc (8)

tC TtCC (9) TtCc (10) ttCC (11) ttCc (12)

Tc TtCc Ttcc (14) ttCc (15) ttcc (16)

(13)

Phenotypic ratio=9:3:3:1
9-Tall and colored i.e 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 & 13
3-Tall and colored i.e 6, 8 & 14
3-Dwarfish and colored i.e 11, 12 & 15
1-Dwarfiah and colorless i.e 16

GENERAL EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. When different breeds of animals are mated, the process is known as (a) cross breeding (b)
inbreeding (c) out breeding (d) line breeding
2. Mating of animals with close genetic selectionship is termed (a) cross breeding (b) line breeding (c)
in-breeding (d) out-breeding
3. Which of the following characteristics is not normally considered in the selection of animals for
breeding (a) fertility (b) growth rate (c) horn size (d) resistance to diseases
4. Progeny selection involves selection of breeding stock on the basis of (a) merit of each animal (b)
sire-dam relationship (c) merit of the dam only (d) performance o offspring
5. Using N’dama bull to mate Muturu cow is an example of (a) inbreeding (b) selection (c) cross
breeding (d) artificial insemination
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Describe the following types of breeding
a. Inbreeding
b. Out breeding
c. Cross breeding
2. State three disadvantages of inbreeding
3. Mention two advantages of cross breeding
REFERENCE TEXTS
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service

WEEK 4 and 5
CLASS: S.S 2
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TOPIC: Artificial Insemination
CONTENT:
(a) Meaning of artificial insemination
(b) Processes or Procedure of artificial insemination

Sub -Topic 1: MEANING OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

Meaning of Artificial Insemination

Artificial Mating/Insemination is the introduction of semen into the female animals’
reproductive tract that is on heat without the use of male animals. This varies considerably in
different species. The aim is to achieve fertilization of the female without the male physically

Artificial Insemination of Cow..mp4

Procedures or Processes of Artificial Insemination

Artificial insemination is a process involving many specialized stages. It involves
1. Assessment of male animal
2. Semen collection
3. Semen evaluation
4. Semen processing
5. Semen storage
6. Heat detection
7. Deposition of semen
Assessment of male Animal
It is important that performance record of male (stud) should be well kept to known the past
performance
Semen collection
The goal is to collect the maximum quantity of spermatozoa at each ejaculation. The semen
collected from the male animal must be well preserved to ensure viability of the spermatozoa.
Methods of semen collection
Semen is collected from the male of desirable traits with the use of
a. Dummy female
b. Electro-ejaculator
c. Artificial vagina
d. Spooning or recovery method
e. Manual stimulation of rectum.
Semen evaluation
Semen evaluation is very important in order to assess the quality and purity after collection.
The following are evaluated
a. Sperm appearance: Opaque semen are of higher quality than translucent semen. Red or
yellow semen is an indication of blood spot or diseased condition. Semen must be free from
hair, dirt, manure or globules of different colour.
b. Quality of semen: The volume must be compared with established standard bearing in mind
the age, season and the breed of the animal.
 c. Concentration: This is an assessment of the sperm count determined in the laboratory. Semen
concentration greatly influenced or determines the viability of semen.
d. Semen pH: The normal pH range of semen is 5-11.

Semen processing
The semen should be processed after evaluation if it meets all the criteria of good quality
semen. Processing might involve dilution, freezing, transportation and thawing. The aim of semen
processing is to extend the lifespan and to enhance insemination of many female animals.

Sub-Topic 2:
Semen storage
The semen collected is stored at a temperature of -79⁰C under liquefied nitrogen gas and
diluted acid before it is being applied. An inseminator tube is used to introduce the semen into the
female genitalia. The female can be induced into heat (estrus synchronization) with use of drugs.
Heat detection
Before artificial insemination can take place, one of the following two processes of ovulation
must occur.
a. Natural ovulation: the farmer should ensure that the female animal to serve will be on heat by
the time the semen will arrive on his farm.
b. Oestrus synchronization: a farmer can force female animals to be on heat through
synchronization which requires the administration of drugs (hormones) orally or by injection.
E.g Gonadotropin, prostaglandin, progesterone

Advantages of Artificial Insemination

a. It is more economical as it reduces the cost of transportation, feeding and management of
stock
b. It facilitates breeding control
c. It prevents spread of veneral disease
d. Semen can be used over a long period even after the death the donor male
e. It reduces space
f. Many female animals can be served with the same semen
g. There is less wastage of spermatozoa
Disadvantages of Artificial Insemination
a. It requires expertise and technical experience
b. The kits are expensive
c. It may not be possible to identify animals on heat
d. It may be difficult to practice by small scale farmers
e. There is a side effect of drug used to induce female into heat

GENERAL EVALUATION
ESSAY QUESTIONS
 (a) Explain the term ‘Artificial Insemination’
(b) State five steps to be taken before carrying out artificial insemination
(c) Mention four ways of semen collection
(d) State four advantages of artificial insemination
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Explain each of the following methods of animal improvement
a. Selection
b. Breeding
c. Introduction
d. Cross breeding
2. List five aims of animal improvement
3. List and briefly explain three methods of selection
REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service

WEEK 6
CLASS: S. S. 2
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

TOPIC: Animal Health: Diseases

CONTENT: (a)Meaning of Diseases
(b) Types of diseases
(c) common terminologies in farm animal diseases

Sub-Topic 1: Meaning of Diseases

Animal Health management deals with monitoring the health status of the animals on the
farm. It is apparent that a healthy animal will be productive while unhealthy animal apart from
not been productive becomes a liability as money would be spent for their treatment. Besides,
there is a high risk of transferring the infections to other animals.
A Disease condition is a deviation from normal functioning state of the animal’s body which
comprises of different components working in unity.
In a nutshell, disease is any condition in which there is departure from the normal functioning
of the system of the animal’s body.
Types of Diseases
1. Infectious Diseases (Pathogenic Diseases)
2. Non-Infectious Diseases (Non-pathogenic)
Infectious Diseases (Pathogenic Diseases)
These are diseases caused by organisms that are referred to as germs or pathogenic organism.
These organisms are usually small in nature but possess the ability to multiply rapidly. Common
diseases causing organisms are Viruses, Bacteria, Fungus, Protozoan, Parasites which can be external
e.g lice, ticks or internal such as round worms and tapeworms
Bacteria:
They cause diseases by secretion of toxins. Diseases are infectious and contagious. They are
transmitted by air, water and animals inform of spores. Examples of bacteria diseases are Contagious
abortion, Anthrax, Foot rot, Mastitis, T.B, Fowl pox, Cow pox etc

Virus:
This organism multiplies only inside the living cells of a specific host. Viruses are transmitted from
animal to animal by vectors or by discharge from the body of animals, by insect bites and by human
beings. Examples of viral diseases are Foot and mouth disease, Rinder pest, Newcastle, Gumboro,
Rabies, Fowl pox, Pneumonia, Kata, Blue tongue, Dermatitis etc

Fungi:
These are non-green plants that can survive without light. Their growth and multiplication are
favored by dam, moist and dark condition. They spread through body contact and through spore
formation. Examples of fungal diseases include Aspergilosis, Ring worm, Foot rot, Scaby etc

Protozoa:
They are microscopic single cell animals that cause a lot of damage to livestock by rupturing certain
parts of the body when they multiply. They are transmitted by insects, vectors, other animals like rats
and through contamination of food and water through the vectors. Examples of protozoan diseases
are Coccidiosis, Trypanosomiasis, Entamoeba, Dysentery, Red water fever, Surra etc

Nematodes:
They are parasitic worms that cause diseases through consumption of flesh in which the larva of
the parasite are encysted. Examples of nematode disease is Trichinosis

Metazoa diseases:
These are parasitic diseases such as Babesiosis, Taeniasis, Fasciolosis, Ascariasis etc

Non-Infectious Diseases (Non- Pathogenic Diseases)

These are diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies or any form of metabolic disorder. It also
includes disease caused by exposure to toxic chemical and extreme of environmental condition

Sub-Topic 2:
COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN FARM ANIMAL DISEASES
1. Pathogens
2. Antigen
3. Antibodies
4. Vaccination/ immunization/ inoculation
5. Vaccine
6. Contagious diseases
7. Infectious diseases
8. Diseases resistance
9. Diseases susceptible
10. Immunity
11. Zoonotic diseases

Pathogen
These are disease causing agents e.g bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, ricketissa, and other micro-
organisms
Antigen
A protein or carbohydrate compound which is capable of stimulating the formation of anti bodies
Antibodies
These are complex protein produced by animal plasma cells as a result of the stimulation by
antigen. Antibodies persist in the bloodstream after they had been produced to confer lasting
immunity against the infecting organisms
Vaccination/immunization/inoculation
This is brought about by injecting antigens into the bloodstream with the objective of stimulating
the formation of antibodies
Vaccine
A preparation containing disease-causing agents which have been killed or attenuated (made
inactive), which is introduced into the animal system to stimulate the formation of antibodies in
order to bring about partial or complete immunity against subsequent infection by the pathogen.
Vaccines are developed from pathogens that cause the diseases.
Contagious diseases
A disease is said to be contagious if it can be transferred by contact from infected animal to
healthy animals
Infectious diseases
This is a disease that is spread from the sick to the healthy without direct contact of the animals
Disease resistance
An animal is said to be resistant to diseases when it is unaffected by an invading pathogenic
organism.
Diseases susceptible
Animal is susceptible to disease condition when the animal is unable to get over the effect of the
invading pathogenic organism in which case it manifests disease symptoms
Immunity
This is defined as the degree of resistance an animal has over any specific disease, which may be
natural or by drugs (vaccines)
Zoonotic diseases
This is defined as the disease that can be transferred from animal to man
GENERAL EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. New castle disease is caused by (a) virus (b) bacterium (c) protozoan (d) fungus
2. A viral disease of ruminants in which the affected animal shows symptoms of high fever and blood
stained diarrhea is likely to be (a) pleuropneumonia (b) rinderpest (c) gastroenteritis (d)
babesiosis
3. Coccidiosis can be treated with (a) sulphamethazine (b) iodised salt (c) piperazine citrate
(d) ferrous oxide
4. New castle disease attacks (a) pigs (b) horses (c) poultry (d) ruminants
5. The following livestock diseases are caused by virus except (a) anthrax (b) foot and mouth
disease (c) new castle diseases (d) fowl pox
ESSAY
1. Define the term Disease
2. State difference between resistance and susceptibility of diseases
3. Define the following terminologies in farm animal diseases .
a. Pathogen
b. Immunity
c. Antigen
d. Vaccine
e. Zoonotic diseases
REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service

WEEK: 7

CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
TOPIC: MID TERM BREAK
WEEK: 8

SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

CLASS: SS 2
TOPIC: Animal Health: Diseases

CONTENT: (d) Symptoms of Diseases in Farm animals

(e) Predisposing factors to farm animal diseases

Sub- Topic 1:
SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES IN FARM ANIMALS
1. Loss of appetite (anorexia)
2. Persistent coughing
3. Watery, foul smelling, or abnormal faeces
4. Rough skin or coat
5. Discharge from the eyes, nostril or mouth
6. Discomfort and general inactiveness
7. Loss of body weight (emaciation)
8. Paleness
9. Isolation
10. Ruffled feather or rough hairs or coat
11. Swelling of joint
12. Increase in body temperature
13. Diarrhea
14. Anaemia
15. Difficult breathing
16. Excessive salivation
17. Gnashing of teeth
18. Slow movement among the herd
19. Death
Sub- Topic 2 : PREDISPOSING FACTORS TO FARM ANIMAL DISEASES

1. Poor Nutrition (Malnutrition)

One major factor which predisposes an animal factor which predisposes an animal to a
disease is poor or sub-optimal nutritional status. Mouldy or poorly processed feed could lead to
diseases. A well fed animal has a better chance of resisting diseases.
2. Hygiene and Housing
State of dirtiness is a problem to animal healthiness and bad housing methods could
encourage disease causing organism to thrive. Some housing methods pose difficulty for proper
cleaning and disinfection. There by encouraging disease outbreak
3. Disease causing organism
Exposure of animals to disease causing organism such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and
parasite encourage outbreak of disease in animal.
 4. Overcrowding
When farm animals are kept in compartment too small for their comfort, it lead to
outbreak of diseases
5. Harsh environmental condition
High or low temperature of the environment could make farm animal susceptible to
diseases. High or too low relative humidity could also result in diseases
6. Poor Biosecurity
This is a condition where farmers are not sensitive to inflow of materials, human or other
animals into the farm. Any human that has contact with pathogenic environment stand chance
of introducing such diseases to new environment. Inflow of diseased animals, wild birds could
also predispose the animals to diseases
7. Injury
Injury to the udder can bring about diseases e.g Mastitis
8. Improper use of equipment
The use of poor and unsterilized equipment e.g milking equipment, debeaker can cause
diseases.
9. Uncontrolled mating
This is can lead to sexually transmissible diseases
10. Improper use of drugs
The use of overdose, under dose or use of fake veterinary drugs can lead to diseases
condition in farm animals
11. Consumption of toxic substances
Farm animal may also get diseases it toxic substances are consumed along with the feed
EVALUATION
1. State five symptoms of diseases
2. State seven predisposing factor of farm animal diseases
GENERAL EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE TEST
1. The diseases that can be transmitted between animal and human being is known as (a) zoonotic
diseases (b) nutritional diseases (c) contagious diseases (d) infectious diseases
2. The micro-organisms that cause diseases in farm animals is known as (a) zoonotic (b) pathogen
(c) formites (d) vectors
3. Which of the following activities would not boost immunity in young farm animals (a) vaccination of
the animal (b) suckling of colostrums (c) provision of high plane of nutrition (d) administration of
antibiotics
4. The following are disease causing organism except (a) virus (b) fungi (c) predators (d) protozoa
5. The causative organism of trypanosomiasis is a/an (a) equilibrium price control (b) demand and
supply equilibrium(c) minimum price control (d) maximum price control
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. State three factors which determine the degree of resistance of an animal to a disease
2. Mention five predisposing factors to farm animal diseases
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Read Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
WEEKEND ACTIVITY
Define farm manager and mention five qualities expected of him
REFERENCES
1. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Udofia Elizabeth et al; University press Plc.
2. Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Adejinmi Olufunmilayo Olanike, et al; HEBN Publishers Plc.
3. Integrated Animal Husbandry for schools and colleges by Babayemi Olaniyi J. et al Positive press
4. Cosmopolitan Entrepreneurship/ Trade subjects series Animal Husbandry for SSS 3 by Kenneth-
Obosi O. et al; Cosmopolitan Book Service
5. Johndan Animal Husbandry for senior secondary school SSS 1-3 by Opeyemi Gbenga, Johndan vine
Investment Publishers

WEEK: 9 & 10

CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TOPIC: REVISION

WEEK: 11

CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
TOPIC: Examination