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  • The Human Digestive System

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    The human digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It includes the alimentary canal - a long tube running from the mouth to the anus - as well as other organs like the liver and pancreas. Food is ingested, broken down physically and chemically, and absorbed along different parts of the alimentary canal including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine before waste is excreted. The pancreas and liver also play important roles by secreting enzymes and bile to aid in digestion.

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    The human digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It includes the alimentary canal - a long tube running from the mouth to the anus - as well as other organs like the liver and pancreas. Food is ingested, broken down physically and chemically, and absorbed along different parts of the alimentary canal including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine before waste is excreted. The pancreas and liver also play important roles by secreting enzymes and bile to aid in digestion.

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    24 views12 pages

    The Human Digestive System

    Uploaded by

    marwa
    The human digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It includes the alimentary canal - a long tube running from the mouth to the anus - as well as other organs like the liver and pancreas. Food is ingested, broken down physically and chemically, and absorbed along different parts of the alimentary canal including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine before waste is excreted. The pancreas and liver also play important roles by secreting enzymes and bile to aid in digestion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12

    THE HUMAN

    DIGESTIVE
    SYSTEM
    THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    Digestive System is a group of organs that work together to perform a
    particular function.
    The human digestive system includes the alimentary canal and also the
    liver and the pancreas. All of these work together to break down the
    food that we eat, so that it can be absorbed into the blood and
    delivered to all body cells.
    THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    • Digestion takes place in two stages:
     physical digestion: large pieces of food are broken down into smaller
    pieces.
     Chemical digestion: large molecules in the food are broken apart
    into smaller molecules.
    THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
    The alimentary canal is a long tube which runs from the mouth to the anus.
    It is part of the digestive system.
    The wall of the alimentary canal contains muscles, which contract and relax
    to make food move along. These muscular contractions are called peristalsis.
    Sometimes, it is necessary to keep the food in one part of the alimentary
    canal for a while, before its allowed to move to the next part. Special
    muscles can close the tube completely in certain places. They are called
    sphincter muscles.
    To help the food to slide easily through the alimentary canal, it is lubricated
    with mucus. Mucus is made in goblet cells which are found in the lining of
    the alimentary canal, along its entire length.
    THE MAIN ORGANS OF OF THE
    DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
    THE MOUTH
    Food is ingested using the teeth, lips and tongue.
    The teeth bite or grind the food into smaller
    pieces, increasing its surface area. This begins
    physical digestion.
    The tongue mixes the food with saliva and forms
    it into a little balls that can be swallowed.
    The salivary glands make saliva. This is a mixture
    of water, mucus and the enzyme amylase. The
    water helps to dissolve substances in the food,
    allowing us to taste them. The mucus helps the
    chewed food to bind together to form a small
    ball, and lubricates it so that it slides easily down
    the esophagus when it is swallowed. Amylase
    begins to digest starch.
    THE OESOPHAGUS
    There are two tubes leading down from the
    back of the mouth. The one in front is the
    trachea or windpipe, which takes air down to
    the lungs. Behind the trachea is the esophagus,
    which takes food down the stomach.
    The ‘hole’ in the center of the esophagus,
    down which food can pass, is called a lumen.
    There is a lumen in all parts of the alimentary
    canal. All blood vessels also have a lumen.
    The entrance to the stomach from the
    esophagus is closed by a sphincter muscle. The
    muscle relaxes to let food pass into the
    stomach, then contracts to close the entrance
    again.
    THE STOMACH
    The stomach has strong, muscular walls. The muscles contract and
    relax to mix the food with the enzymes and mucus.
    Like all parts of the alimentary canal, the stomach wall contains goblet
    cells which secrete mucus. It also contains other cells which produce
    enzymes and others which make hydrochloric acid. The enzymes
    produced in the stomach digest proteins, so they are proteases.
    The hydrochloric acid produces low pH, of about pH 2, in the
    stomach, which kills harmful microorganisms in the food.
    The stomach can store food for quite a long time. After one or two
    hours, the sphincter at the bottom of the stomach opens and lets the
    partly digested food move into the duodenum.
    THE SMALL INTESTINE
    The small intestine is the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach
    and the colon. It is about 5m long. Different parts of the small intestine have
    different names. The first part, nearest to the stomach, is the duodenum.
    The last part, nearest to the colon, is the ileum.
    The pancreas is a cream-coloured gland, lying just underneath the stomach.
    A tube called the pancreatic duct leads from the pancreas into the
    duodenum.
    Pancreatic juice is a fluid made by pancreas. It flows along the pancreatic
    duct into the duodenum. Pancreatic juice contains many different enzymes,
    so chemical digestion continues in the duodenum.
    The ileum is where all the digested nutrients absorbed into the blood.
    THE LARGE INTESTINE
    The final part of the alimentary
    canal is the large intestine. It is
    made up of the colon and
    rectum. The colon absorbs much
    of the water that still remains in
    the food. The rectum stores
    undigested food as feaces. These
    are egested from the body
    through the anus.
    THE PANCREAS AND LIVER
    The pancreas and liver are important organs in the digestive system,
    but they are not part of the alimentary canal. Food does not pass
    through them.
    We have seen that the pancreas secretes a fluid containing enzymes,
    which help with digestion of food in the duodenum. The liver also
    secretes a fluid that helps with digestion. This fluid is called bile.
    The bile that has been made by the liver is stored in the gall bladder.
    When food enters the duodenum, the bile flows along the bile duct
    and is mixed with the food in the duodenum.
    Bile is a yellowish green, alkaline, watery liquid, which helps to
    neutralize the acidic mixture from the stomach.

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