After Lok Sabha exit polls overestimated NDA victory, public apologies and calls for probe follow

India’s wildly inaccurate exit polls predicting a landslide election victory for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s party sparked dramatic public apologies from polling companies this week and calls for them to be investigated for possible manipulation. Almost all of the exit polls released on June 1 forecast Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party and its allies would win more than 350 seats in the lower house of the parliament. The final results released three days later put the coalition’s tally at just 293 seats.

The exit polls pushed the benchmark equity index to a record on Monday, followed by a crash a day later when almost $400 billion of value was wiped off the market. An Indian lawmaker and member of the opposition All India Trinamool Congress party has now asked the country’s stock market regulator to investigate the polling companies for possible rigging.

While exit polls have a patchy record in India — in 2004, they also predicted a comfortable majority for the BJP-led alliance, which didn’t transpire — polling had been generally accurate in 2014 and 2019.

Reasons for the large miss this year are varied. Political analysts point to structural challenges of conducting surveys in a country of almost 1 billion voters, limited resources and inherent biases in surveys.

“It is hard to do a good exit poll in a vast country like India due to several factors — how biased is the sample, the weightage given, who is willing to respond to surveys, which areas the surveyors are going,” Neelanjan Sircar, a senior fellow at New Delhi-based Centre for Policy Research, said by phone.

The mismatch in the election outcome and exit polls also reflects inadequate sample sizes and logistical problems in covering 543 parliamentary constituencies across the country, he said.

Polling companies have come out to defend their data. Yashwant Deshmukh, founder of CVoter, said it was accurate in predicting the share of votes won by the parties at the state level, but that projections on seat numbers were wrong, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal, where the BJP lost substantial support. In states the BJP swept, like Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Gujarat, their seat projections were accurate, he said.

Deshmukh also cited sample sizes and limited budgets as challenges. Polling in India is as complex as polling in a diverse region like the European Union, he said, but “pollsters don’t have that kind of budget.”

CVoter had predicted the BJP-led alliance would win 353-383 seats nationally. The sample size of its survey was 431,182.

The exit poll results “will hugely dent the credibility of pollsters,” Deshmukh said. “The 2004 election exit polls haunted us for 20 years and the 2024 elections are going to haunt us for another 20 years.”

Pradeep Gupta of polling company Axis My India broke down on national television on Tuesday after he was repeatedly questioned about his inaccurate forecasts showing the BJP-led coalition would win 361-401 seats. TV anchors on India Today, which had sponsored the poll, consoled Gupta by telling him that at least he’d gotten the winner right.

“I gracefully accept we went wrong,” he said. “Verdict we could predict but not as accurately as we are known for.”