Endangered species in California
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Endangered species policy in California involves the identification and protection of endangered and threatened animal and plant species. Policies are implemented and enforced by both the state and federal governments.
See the tabs below for further information:
- Background: This tab provides contextual information about the Endangered Species Act and key terms and concepts.
- Listed species: This tab provides information about endangered and threatened animal and plant species in California; information about the process of listing a species as endangered or threatened is also provided.
- Provisions: This tab provides information about legal provisions relating to private and governmental activities.
- Governance: This tab provides information about federal and state agencies and, where applicable, state laws.
Background
Übersicht
- See also: History of the Endangered Species Act
The federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 provides for the identification, listing, and protection of both threatened and endangered species and their habitats. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the law was designed to prevent the extinction of vulnerable plant and animal species through the development of recovery plans and the protection of critical habitats. ESA administration and enforcement are the responsibility of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service.[1][2]
The law authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to allocate funds to states for assisting in the recovery of threatened and endangered species. The law also created the Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund to award grants to states for voluntary projects on non-federal lands.
The law mandates that states adopt their own endangered and threatened species management programs subject to approval by the federal government. The law requires states to do the following:[3][4][3]
- Conserve the species of fish or wildlife determined by the state or federal government to be endangered or threatened
- Create conservation programs for all species of fish or wildlife identified by the federal government as endangered or threatened and provide detailed plans for these programs to the U.S. Department of Commerce
- Be authorized by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct investigations to determine the status and requirements for survival of resident species of fish and wildlife
- Be authorized before establishing programs to acquire land or aquatic habitats for conserving endangered or threatened species
Key federal ESA terms
- See also: Glossary of Endangered Species Act terms
- Candidate species: Animal and plant species for which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) or the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has sufficient information to propose them as endangered or threatened, but for which a proposed listing has not been processed because of higher priority listings.
- Critical habitat: Specific geographic areas, whether occupied by listed species or not, that are determined to be essential for the conservation and management of listed species.[5]
- Delisting: The process of removing an animal or plant species from the threatened or endangered species list upon a determination that threats against it have been sufficiently reduced or eliminated.[6]
- Endangered species: The classification provided to an animal or plant in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.[7]
- Listed species: Species, subspecies, or a distinct vertebrate population segment that has been added to the federal lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants.[8]
- Range: The geographic area a species is known or anticipated to occupy.[9]
- Species recovery: The elimination or reduction in threats to an animal or plant species' survival. Once a species has recovered, it is removed from the federal list of endangered species.[10]
- Taking a species: Taking a species generally includes causing any harm to a federally protected animal or plant species. Any individual that knowingly takes a listed species can be fined up to $25,000 by the federal government for each violation or instance. The text of the law outlining federal penalties can be accessed here.[11]
- Threatened species: Any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
Listed species
Federally listed species in California
There were 305 endangered and threatened animal and plant species believed to or known to occur in California as of July 2016.[12]
The table below lists the 122 endangered and threatened animal species believed to or known to occur in the state. The word "entire" after a name indicates that the species occurs throughout the state.
Endangered animal species in California | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Status | Species | ||||||
Endangered | Abalone, White North America (West Coast from Point Conception, CA, U.S.A., to Punta Abreojos, Baja California, Mexico) (Haliotis sorenseni) | ||||||
Endangered | Albatross, short-tailed Entire (Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus) | ||||||
Endangered | Beetle, Casey's June Entire (Dinacoma caseyi) | ||||||
Endangered | Beetle, Mount Hermon June Entire (Polyphylla barbata) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, Behren's silverspot Entire (Speyeria zerene behrensii) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, callippe silverspot Entire (Speyeria callippe callippe) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, El Segundo blue Entire (Euphilotes battoides allyni) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, Lange's metalmark Entire (Apodemia mormo langei) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, lotis blue Entire (Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, mission blue Entire (Icaricia icarioides missionensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, Myrtle's silverspot Entire (Speyeria zerene myrtleae) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, Palos Verdes blue Entire (Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, Quino checkerspot Entire (Euphydryas editha quino (=E. e. wrighti)) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, San Bruno elfin Entire (Callophrys mossii bayensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Butterfly, Smith's blue Entire (Euphilotes enoptes smithi) | ||||||
Endangered | Chub, bonytail Entire (Gila elegans) | ||||||
Endangered | Chub, Owens Tui Entire (Gila bicolor ssp. snyderi) | ||||||
Endangered | Condor, California Entire, except where listed as an experimental population (Gymnogyps californianus) | ||||||
Endangered | Crayfish, Shasta Entire (Pacifastacus fortis) | ||||||
Endangered | Fairy shrimp, Conservancy Entire (Branchinecta conservatio) | ||||||
Endangered | Fairy shrimp, longhorn Entire (Branchinecta longiantenna) | ||||||
Endangered | Fairy shrimp, Riverside Entire (Streptocephalus woottoni) | ||||||
Endangered | Fairy shrimp, San Diego (Branchinecta sandiegonensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Flycatcher, southwestern willow Entire (Empidonax traillii extimus) | ||||||
Endangered | Fly, Delhi Sands flower-loving Entire (Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis) | ||||||
Endangered | Fox, San Joaquin kit wherever found (Vulpes macrotis mutica) | ||||||
Endangered | Fox, San Miguel Island wherever found (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) | ||||||
Endangered | Fox, Santa Catalina Island Wherever found (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) | ||||||
Endangered | Fox, Santa Cruz Island wherever found (Urocyon littoralis santacruzae) | ||||||
Endangered | Fox, Santa Rosa Island wherever found (Urocyon littoralis santarosae) | ||||||
Endangered | Frog, mountain yellow-legged Northern California DPS (Rana muscosa) | ||||||
Endangered | Frog, mountain yellow-legged Southern California DPS (Rana muscosa) | ||||||
Endangered | Frog, Sierra Nevada Yellow-legged (Rana sierrae) | ||||||
Endangered | Goby, tidewater Entire (Eucyclogobius newberryi) | ||||||
Endangered | Grasshopper, Zayante band-winged (Trimerotropis infantilis) | ||||||
Endangered | Kangaroo rat, Fresno Entire (Dipodomys nitratoides exilis) | ||||||
Endangered | Kangaroo rat, giant Entire (Dipodomys ingens) | ||||||
Endangered | Kangaroo rat, Morro Bay Entire (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Kangaroo rat, San Bernardino Merriam's Entire (Dipodomys merriami parvus) | ||||||
Endangered | Kangaroo rat, Stephens' Entire (Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. cascus)) | ||||||
Endangered | Kangaroo rat, Tipton Entire (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides) | ||||||
Endangered | Lizard, blunt-nosed leopard Entire (Gambelia silus) | ||||||
Endangered | Mountain beaver, Point Arena Entire (Aplodontia rufa nigra) | ||||||
Endangered | Mouse, Pacific pocket Entire (Perognathus longimembris pacificus) | ||||||
Endangered | Mouse, salt marsh harvest wherever found (Reithrodontomys raviventris) | ||||||
Endangered | Pikeminnow (=squawfish), Colorado Entire, except EXPN (Ptychocheilus lucius) | ||||||
Endangered | Pupfish, desert Entire (Cyprinodon macularius) | ||||||
Endangered | Pupfish, Owens Entire (Cyprinodon radiosus) | ||||||
Endangered | Rabbit, riparian brush Entire (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) | ||||||
Endangered | Rail, California clapper Entire (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) | ||||||
Endangered | Rail, light-footed clapper Entire (Rallus longirostris levipes) | ||||||
Endangered | Rail, Yuma clapper Entire (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Salamander, California tiger U.S.A. (CA - Santa Barbara County) (Ambystoma californiense) | ||||||
Endangered | Salamander, California tiger U.S.A. (CA - Sonoma County) (Ambystoma californiense) | ||||||
Endangered | Salamander, desert slender Entire (Batrachoseps aridus) | ||||||
Endangered | Salamander, Santa Cruz long-toed Entire (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum) | ||||||
Endangered | Salmon, coho Central California Coast ESU (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) | ||||||
Endangered | Sea turtle, leatherback Entire (Dermochelys coriacea) | ||||||
Endangered | Sheep, Peninsular bighorn Peninsular CA pop. (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) | ||||||
Endangered | Sheep, Sierra Nevada bighorn Sierra Nevada (Ovis canadensis sierrae) | ||||||
Endangered | Shrew, Buena Vista Lake ornate Entire (Sorex ornatus relictus) | ||||||
Endangered | Shrike, San Clemente loggerhead Entire (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) | ||||||
Endangered | Shrimp, California freshwater Entire (Syncaris pacifica) | ||||||
Endangered | Skipper, Carson wandering Entire (Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus) | ||||||
Endangered | Skipper, Laguna Mountains Entire (Pyrgus ruralis lagunae) | ||||||
Endangered | Snail, Morro shoulderband (=Banded dune) (Helminthoglypta walkeriana) | ||||||
Endangered | Snake, San Francisco garter Entire (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) | ||||||
Endangered | Steelhead Southern California DPS (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) | ||||||
Endangered | Stickleback, unarmored threespine Entire (Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni) | ||||||
Endangered | Sucker, Lost River Entire (Deltistes luxatus) | ||||||
Endangered | Sucker, razorback Entire (Xyrauchen texanus) | ||||||
Endangered | Sucker, shortnose Entire (Chasmistes brevirostris) | ||||||
Endangered | Tadpole shrimp, vernal pool Entire (Lepidurus packardi) | ||||||
Endangered | Tern, California least (Sterna antillarum browni) | ||||||
Endangered | Tiger beetle, Ohlone (Cicindela ohlone) | ||||||
Endangered | Toad, arroyo (=arroyo southwestern) Entire (Anaxyrus californicus) | ||||||
Endangered | Tui chub, Mohave Entire (Gila bicolor ssp. mohavensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Vireo, least Bell's Entire (Vireo bellii pusillus) | ||||||
Endangered | Vole, Amargosa Entire (Microtus californicus scirpensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Whale, blue Entire (Balaenoptera musculus) | ||||||
Endangered | Whale, finback Entire (Balaenoptera physalus) | ||||||
Endangered | Whale, humpback Entire (Megaptera novaeangliae) | ||||||
Endangered | Whale, Sei Entire (Balaenoptera borealis) | ||||||
Endangered | Whale, sperm Entire (Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus)) | ||||||
Endangered | Wolf, gray (Canis lupus) | ||||||
Endangered | Woodrat, riparian | ||||||
Threatened | Beetle, delta green ground Entire (Elaphrus viridis) | ||||||
Threatened | Beetle, valley elderberry longhorn Entire (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) | ||||||
Threatened | Butterfly, bay checkerspot Entire (Euphydryas editha bayensis) | ||||||
Threatened | Butterfly, Oregon silverspot Entire (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) | ||||||
Threatened | Cuckoo, yellow-billed Western U.S. DPS (Coccyzus americanus) | ||||||
Threatened | Fairy shrimp, vernal pool Entire (Branchinecta lynchi) | ||||||
Threatened | Frog, California red-legged Entire (Rana draytonii) | ||||||
Threatened | Frog, Oregon spotted (Rana pretiosa) | ||||||
Threatened | Gnatcatcher, coastal California Entire (Polioptila californica californica) | ||||||
Threatened | Lizard, Coachella Valley fringe-toed Entire (Uma inornata) | ||||||
Threatened | Lynx, Canada Contiguous U.S. DPS (Lynx canadensis) | ||||||
Threatened | Moth, Kern primrose sphinx Entire (Euproserpinus euterpe) | ||||||
Threatened | Murrelet, marbled CA, OR, WA (Brachyramphus marmoratus) | ||||||
Threatened | Otter, southern sea (Enhydra lutris nereis) | ||||||
Threatened | Owl, northern spotted Entire (Strix occidentalis caurina) | ||||||
Threatened | Plover, western snowy Pacific coastal pop. (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) | ||||||
Threatened | Salamander, California tiger U.S.A. (Central CA DPS) (Ambystoma californiense) | ||||||
Threatened | Salmon, Chinook California Coastal ESU (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) | ||||||
Threatened | Salmon, coho Southern Oregon - Northern California Coast ESU (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) | ||||||
Threatened | Seal, Guadalupe fur Entire (Arctocephalus townsendi) | ||||||
Threatened | Sea turtle, olive ridley Except where endangered (Lepidochelys olivacea) | ||||||
Threatened | Smelt, delta Entire (Hypomesus transpacificus) | ||||||
Threatened | Snake, giant garter Entire (Thamnophis gigas) | ||||||
Threatened | Sparrow, San Clemente sage Entire (Amphispiza belli clementeae) | ||||||
Threatened | Steelhead Central California Coast DPS (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) | ||||||
Threatened | Steelhead Northern California DPS (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) | ||||||
Threatened | sturgeon, green Southern DPS (Acipenser medirostris) | ||||||
Threatened | Sucker, Santa Ana 3 CA river basins (Catostomus santaanae) | ||||||
Threatened | Sucker, Warner Entire (Catostomus warnerensis) | ||||||
Threatened | toad, Yosemite (Anaxyrus canorus) | ||||||
Threatened | Tortoise, desert Entire, except in Sonoran Desert (Gopherus agassizii) | ||||||
Threatened | Towhee, Inyo California (Pipilo crissalis eremophilus) | ||||||
Threatened | Trout, Lahontan cutthroat Entire (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) | ||||||
Threatened | Trout, Little Kern golden Entire (Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei) | ||||||
Threatened | Trout, Paiute cutthroat Entire (Oncorhynchus clarkii seleniris) | ||||||
Threatened | Whipsnake (=striped racer), Alameda Entire (Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus) | ||||||
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Listed species believed to or known to occur in California" |
The table below lists the 183 endangered and threatened plant species believed to or known to occur in the state.[12]
Endangered plant species in California | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Status | Species | ||||||
Endangered | Allocarya, Calistoga (Plagiobothrys strictus) | ||||||
Endangered | Alopecurus, Sonoma (Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Ambrosia, San Diego (Ambrosia pumila) | ||||||
Endangered | Barberry, island (Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis) | ||||||
Endangered | Barberry, Nevin's (Berberis nevinii) | ||||||
Endangered | Bedstraw, El Dorado (Galium californicum ssp. sierrae) | ||||||
Endangered | Bedstraw, island (Galium buxifolium) | ||||||
Endangered | Bird's beak, palmate-bracted (Cordylanthus palmatus) | ||||||
Endangered | Bird's-beak, Pennell's (Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris) | ||||||
Endangered | Bird's-beak, salt marsh (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus) | ||||||
Endangered | Bird's-beak, soft (Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis) | ||||||
Endangered | Bladderpod, San Bernardino Mountains (Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina) | ||||||
Endangered | Bluegrass, Napa (Poa napensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Bluegrass, San Bernardino (Poa atropurpurea) | ||||||
Endangered | Buckwheat, cushenbury (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum) | ||||||
Endangered | Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill) (Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. prostratum)) | ||||||
Endangered | Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island (Malacothamnus clementinus) | ||||||
Endangered | Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island (Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. nesioticus) | ||||||
Endangered | Button-celery, San Diego (Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii) | ||||||
Endangered | Cactus, Bakersfield (Opuntia treleasei) | ||||||
Endangered | Ceanothus, coyote (Ceanothus ferrisae) | ||||||
Endangered | Ceanothus, Pine Hill (Ceanothus roderickii) | ||||||
Endangered | Checker-mallow, Keck's (Sidalcea keckii) | ||||||
Endangered | Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh (Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida) | ||||||
Endangered | Checker-mallow, pedate (Sidalcea pedata) | ||||||
Endangered | Clarkia, Pismo (Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata) | ||||||
Endangered | Clarkia, Presidio (Clarkia franciscana) | ||||||
Endangered | Clarkia, Vine Hill (Clarkia imbricata) | ||||||
Endangered | Clover, Monterey (Trifolium trichocalyx) | ||||||
Endangered | Clover, showy Indian (Trifolium amoenum) | ||||||
Endangered | Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley (Atriplex coronata var. notatior) | ||||||
Endangered | Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley (Dudleya setchellii) | ||||||
Endangered | Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes (Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii) | ||||||
Endangered | Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley (Oenothera avita ssp. eurekensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Fiddleneck, large-flowered (Amsinckia grandiflora) | ||||||
Endangered | Flannelbush, Mexican (Fremontodendron mexicanum) | ||||||
Endangered | Flannelbush, Pine Hill (Fremontodendron californicum ssp. decumbens) | ||||||
Endangered | Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island (Thysanocarpus conchuliferus) | ||||||
Endangered | Fritillary, Gentner's (Fritillaria gentneri) | ||||||
Endangered | Gilia, Hoffmann's slender-flowered (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii) | ||||||
Endangered | Gilia, Monterey (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria) | ||||||
Endangered | Goldfields, Burke's (Lasthenia burkei) | ||||||
Endangered | Goldfields, Contra Costa (Lasthenia conjugens) | ||||||
Endangered | Grass, Eureka Dune (Swallenia alexandrae) | ||||||
Endangered | Grass, Solano (Tuctoria mucronata) | ||||||
Endangered | Jewelflower, California (Caulanthus californicus) | ||||||
Endangered | Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon (Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus) | ||||||
Endangered | Jewelflower, Tiburon (Streptanthus niger) | ||||||
Endangered | Larkspur, Baker's (Delphinium bakeri) | ||||||
Endangered | Larkspur, San Clemente Island (Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense) | ||||||
Endangered | Larkspur, yellow (Delphinium luteum) | ||||||
Endangered | Layia, beach (Layia carnosa) | ||||||
Endangered | Lessingia, San Francisco (Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. germanorum)) | ||||||
Endangered | Lily, Pitkin Marsh (Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense) | ||||||
Endangered | Lily, Western (Lilium occidentale) | ||||||
Endangered | Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island (Dudleya traskiae) | ||||||
Endangered | Lupine, clover (Lupinus tidestromii) | ||||||
Endangered | Lupine, Nipomo Mesa (Lupinus nipomensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Malacothrix, island (Malacothrix squalida) | ||||||
Endangered | Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island (Malacothrix indecora) | ||||||
Endangered | Mallow, Kern (Eremalche kernensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Manzanita, Del Mar (Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia) | ||||||
Endangered | Manzanita, Franciscan (Arctostaphylos franciscana) | ||||||
Endangered | Manzanita, Presidio (Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii) | ||||||
Endangered | Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island (Arctostaphylos confertiflora) | ||||||
Endangered | Meadowfoam, Butte County (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica) | ||||||
Endangered | Meadowfoam, Sebastopol (Limnanthes vinculans) | ||||||
Endangered | Mesa-mint, Otay (Pogogyne nudiuscula) | ||||||
Endangered | Mesa-mint, San Diego (Pogogyne abramsii) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, Applegate's (Astragalus applegatei) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, Braunton's (Astragalus brauntonii) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's (Astragalus clarianus) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley (Astragalus lentiginosus var. coachellae) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, coastal dunes (Astragalus tener var. titi) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, Cushenbury (Astragalus albens) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, Lane Mountain (Astragalus jaegerianus) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, triple-ribbed (Astragalus tricarinatus) | ||||||
Endangered | Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh (Astragalus pycnostachyus var. lanosissimus) | ||||||
Endangered | Monardella, willowy (Monardella viminea) | ||||||
Endangered | Monkeyflower, Vandenberg (Diplacus vandenbergensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Morning-glory, Stebbins' (Calystegia stebbinsii) | ||||||
Endangered | Mountain balm, Indian Knob (Eriodictyon altissimum) | ||||||
Endangered | Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Island (Cercocarpus traskiae) | ||||||
Endangered | Mustard, slender-petaled (Thelypodium stenopetalum) | ||||||
Endangered | Navarretia, few-flowered (Navarretia leucocephala ssp. pauciflora (=N. pauciflora)) | ||||||
Endangered | Navarretia, many-flowered (Navarretia leucocephala ssp. plieantha) | ||||||
Endangered | Niterwort, Amargosa (Nitrophila mohavensis) | ||||||
Endangered | Onion, Munz's (Allium munzii) | ||||||
Endangered | Orcutt grass, California (Orcuttia californica) | ||||||
Endangered | Orcutt grass, hairy (Orcuttia pilosa) | ||||||
Endangered | Orcutt grass, Sacramento (Orcuttia viscida) | ||||||
Endangered | Oxytheca, cushenbury (Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana) | ||||||
Endangered | Paintbrush, soft-leaved (Castilleja mollis) | ||||||
Endangered | Paintbrush, Tiburon (Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta) | ||||||
Endangered | Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie (Thlaspi californicum) | ||||||
Endangered | Pentachaeta, Lyon's (Pentachaeta lyonii) | ||||||
Endangered | Pentachaeta, white-rayed (Pentachaeta bellidiflora) | ||||||
Endangered | Phacelia, island (Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis) | ||||||
Endangered | Phlox, Yreka (Phlox hirsuta) | ||||||
Endangered | Piperia, Yadon's (Piperia yadonii) | ||||||
Endangered | Polygonum, Scotts Valley (Polygonum hickmanii) | ||||||
Endangered | Potentilla, Hickman's (Potentilla hickmanii) | ||||||
Endangered | Rock-cress, Hoffmann's (Arabis hoffmannii) | ||||||
Endangered | Rock-cress, McDonald's (Arabis macdonaldiana) | ||||||
Endangered | Rockcress, Santa Cruz Island (Sibara filifolia) | ||||||
Endangered | Sandwort, Marsh (Arenaria paludicola) | ||||||
Endangered | Seablite, California (Suaeda californica) | ||||||
Endangered | Sedge, white (Carex albida) | ||||||
Endangered | Spineflower, Ben Lomond (Chorizanthe pungens var. hartwegiana) | ||||||
Endangered | Spineflower, Howell's (Chorizanthe howellii) | ||||||
Endangered | Spineflower, Orcutt's (Chorizanthe orcuttiana) | ||||||
Endangered | spineflower, Robust (Chorizanthe robusta var. robusta) | ||||||
Endangered | spineflower, Scotts Valley (Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii) | ||||||
Endangered | Spineflower, slender-horned (Dodecahema leptoceras) | ||||||
Endangered | Spineflower, Sonoma (Chorizanthe valida) | ||||||
Endangered | Stonecrop, Lake County (Parvisedum leiocarpum) | ||||||
Endangered | Sunburst, Hartweg's golden (Pseudobahia bahiifolia) | ||||||
Endangered | Sunflower, San Mateo woolly (Eriophyllum latilobum) | ||||||
Endangered | Sunshine, Sonoma (Blennosperma bakeri) | ||||||
Endangered | Taraxacum, California (Taraxacum californicum) | ||||||
Endangered | Tarplant, Gaviota (Deinandra increscens ssp. villosa) | ||||||
Endangered | Thistle, Chorro Creek bog (Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense) | ||||||
Endangered | Thistle, fountain (Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale) | ||||||
Endangered | Thistle, La Graciosa (Cirsium loncholepis) | ||||||
Endangered | Thistle, Loch Lomond coyote (Eryngium constancei) | ||||||
Endangered | Thistle, Suisun (Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum) | ||||||
Endangered | Thornmint, San Mateo (Acanthomintha obovata ssp. duttonii) | ||||||
Endangered | Tuctoria, Greene's (Tuctoria greenei) | ||||||
Endangered | Wallflower, Ben Lomond (Erysimum teretifolium) | ||||||
Endangered | Wallflower, Contra Costa (Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum) | ||||||
Endangered | Wallflower, Menzies' (Erysimum menziesii) | ||||||
Endangered | Watercress, Gambel's (Rorippa gambellii) | ||||||
Endangered | Woodland-star, San Clemente Island (Lithophragma maximum) | ||||||
Endangered | Woolly-star, Santa Ana River (Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum) | ||||||
Endangered | Wooly-threads, San Joaquin (Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii) | ||||||
Endangered | Yerba santa, Lompoc (Eriodictyon capitatum) | ||||||
Threatened | Amole, purple (Chlorogalum purpureum) | ||||||
Threatened | Baccharis, Encinitas (Baccharis vanessae) | ||||||
Threatened | Bluecurls, Hidden Lake (Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum) | ||||||
Threatened | Brodiaea, Chinese Camp (Brodiaea pallida) | ||||||
Threatened | Brodiaea, thread-leaved (Brodiaea filifolia) | ||||||
Threatened | Butterweed, Layne's (Senecio layneae) | ||||||
Threatened | Ceanothus, Vail Lake (Ceanothus ophiochilus) | ||||||
Threatened | Clarkia, Springville (Clarkia springvillensis) | ||||||
Threatened | Crownbeard, big-leaved (Verbesina dissita) | ||||||
Threatened | Cypress, Gowen (Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana) | ||||||
Threatened | Cypress, Santa Cruz (Cupressus abramsiana) | ||||||
Threatened | Daisy, Parish's (Erigeron parishii) | ||||||
Threatened | Dudleya, Conejo (Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva) | ||||||
Threatened | Dudleya, marcescent (Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens) | ||||||
Threatened | Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island (Dudleya nesiotica) | ||||||
Threatened | Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains (Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia) | ||||||
Threatened | Dudleya, Verity's (Dudleya verityi) | ||||||
Threatened | Dwarf-flax, Marin (Hesperolinon congestum) | ||||||
Threatened | Evening-primrose, San Benito (Camissonia benitensis) | ||||||
Threatened | Grass, Colusa (Neostapfia colusana) | ||||||
Threatened | Howellia, water (Howellia aquatilis) | ||||||
Threatened | Indian paintbrush, San Clemente Island (Castilleja grisea) | ||||||
Threatened | Ivesia, Webber (Ivesia webberi) | ||||||
Threatened | Liveforever, Laguna Beach (Dudleya stolonifera) | ||||||
Threatened | Lotus, San Clemente Island (Acmispon dendroideus var. traskiae (=Lotus d. ssp. traskiae)) | ||||||
Threatened | Manzanita, Ione (Arctostaphylos myrtifolia) | ||||||
Threatened | Manzanita, Morro (Arctostaphylos morroensis) | ||||||
Threatened | Manzanita, pallid (Arctostaphylos pallida) | ||||||
Threatened | Mariposa lily, Tiburon (Calochortus tiburonensis) | ||||||
Threatened | Milk-vetch, Fish Slough (Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis) | ||||||
Threatened | Milk-vetch, Peirson's (Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii) | ||||||
Threatened | Navarretia, spreading (Navarretia fossalis) | ||||||
Threatened | Orcutt grass, San Joaquin (Orcuttia inaequalis) | ||||||
Threatened | Orcutt grass, slender (Orcuttia tenuis) | ||||||
Threatened | Owl's-clover, fleshy (Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta) | ||||||
Threatened | Paintbrush, ash-grey (Castilleja cinerea) | ||||||
Threatened | Pussypaws, Mariposa (Calyptridium pulchellum) | ||||||
Threatened | Rush-rose, island (Helianthemum greenei) | ||||||
Threatened | Sandwort, Bear Valley (Arenaria ursina) | ||||||
Threatened | Spineflower, Monterey (Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens) | ||||||
Threatened | Spurge, Hoover's (Chamaesyce hooveri) | ||||||
Threatened | Sunburst, San Joaquin adobe (Pseudobahia peirsonii) | ||||||
Threatened | Tarplant, Otay (Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens) | ||||||
Threatened | Tarplant, Santa Cruz (Holocarpha macradenia) | ||||||
Threatened | Thornmint, San Diego (Acanthomintha ilicifolia) | ||||||
Threatened | Vervain, Red Hills (Verbena californica) | ||||||
Threatened | Wild-buckwheat, southern mountain (Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum) | ||||||
Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Listed species believed to or known to occur in California" |
The United States contained 2,389 species protected under the Endangered Species Act as of July 2016 (this includes the 50 states but not U.S. territories). The map below displays the number of species protected under the Endangered Species Act in each state as of July 2016.[13]
State-listed species in California
The California Fish and Game Commission manages a state list of endangered and threatened species. Under the California Endangered Species Act (of which there are two versions, passed in 1970 and 1984), the state created the categories of endangered and threatened, "a classification system similar to used in federal law. Before 1984, threatened species in California were classified as rare.
As of July 2016, California listed 240 endangered and threatened animal and plant species on its own list, including 180 endangered species and 60 threatened species. California was home to more endangered plant species (132) than endangered animal species.[14][15]
State-listed endangered and threatened species in California | ||
---|---|---|
Typ | State-listed endangered species | State-listed threatened species |
Animal species | 48 | 38 |
Plant species | 132 | 22 |
Total | 180 | 60 |
Source: California Department of Fish and Wildlife, "State and Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California," July 2016 California Department of Fish and Wildlife, "State and Federally Listed Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Plants of California," July 2016 |
Listing a species
Before a species is added to the federal threatened and endangered list, it is first placed on a list of candidate species. This placement happens in two ways. The public may petition to list a species, or biologists at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) may study a species whose population is thought to be declining and decide themselves whether the species qualifies as a candidate. The law stipulates that FWS scientists must use accurate scientific information collected from several sources to back their candidate decisions.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service applies five criteria to label a species as endangered or threatened:
" |
|
” |
—U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service[4] |
If one or more of these criteria are met, the agency can begin action to protect the species and its habitat.
Petitioning to list a species
- See also: Listing petition
Any citizen or group may petition the federal government to list a species as endangered or threatened. The process occurs as follows:[17][18]
- Petitioners submit information on the biology, distribution, and threats to a species. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries Office generally must respond to a petition within 90 days.
- Within one year of receiving the petition, the agencies must publish a finding on whether listing a particular species is warranted.
- If the agencies do not meet these timelines, citizens and groups are permitted under the Endangered Species Act to sue the agencies to enforce the timelines so that the species receives federal protection.
- When a species is listed, the government is required to review its status every five years.
Delisting a species
- See also: Delisting a species
Delisting is the process of removing the endangered or threatened status of species. Downlisting is a reclassification of status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) from endangered to threatened. When the service delists or downlists a species, this generally means that the recovery or conservation of a species has been successful. To delist a species, the agencies must determine that the species is not threatened based on population size, stability of habitat quality and quantity, and control or elimination of threats to the species. Species are also delisted if they become extinct.[19][20][21]
As of July 2016, 63 endangered or threatened species had been delisted. Of those species, 34 were delisted due to recovery, 19 species were listed in error (for scientific reasons or because new information about a species was discovered), and 10 species went extinct.[19]
Provisions
Taking a species
The Endangered Species Act makes the taking of an animal on the endangered or threatened species list illegal. According to the act, to take is to "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect or attempt to engage in any such conduct." The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service further defines harm to mean "an act which actually kills or injures wildlife." According to the act, harassment of a species is defined as "an intentional or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns which include, but are not limited to, breeding, feeding, or sheltering." State governments may apply further restrictions on the taking of an endangered or threatened species. Any individual that knowingly takes a listed species can be fined up to $25,000 by the federal government for each violation. The text of the law outlining federal penalties can be accessed here.[4][22][23][24]
Federal law prohibits individuals from engaging in interstate or foreign commerce with a federally protected plant species. Federal law also prohibits taking (e.g., moving, damaging or destroying) a protected plant on federal property. However, individuals may take, move, damage, or destroy a federally protected plant on private land, unless a state law prohibits such activity.[25]
Private activities requiring permits
In addition to taking a species, delivering, receiving, selling, purchasing, or transporting a threatened or endangered animal species is prohibited without a permit, whether the species is alive or dead. Permits are also required for individual or group activities that involve interfering with a species' habitat. Individuals engaging in activities that might result in the taking of a protected species must abide by a Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP), which includes information on how to mitigate or minimize any impacts to the species or its habitat.[26]
Regional offices of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) issue incidental take permits. An incidental take permit is required if an activity may result in the taking of a threatened or endangered species. Those who apply for this permit must submit a habitat conservation plan to the proper federal or state authority ensuring that the effects of taking the species will be minimized and mitigated.
According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, nearly half of all federally protected threatened and endangered species have at least 80 percent of their habitats on private land. This means that private landowners, which include private citizens, businesses, and organizations, must cooperate with federal agencies to conserve listed species.[27]
Private parties may be required to work with the Fish and Wildlife Service in the following ways:
- Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs) are implemented by non-federal groups (state governments, private individuals, and groups) in consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service. The plans are required in order to obtain incidental take permits. Habitat Conservation Plans contain information on the predicted effects of taking a species, how these effects will be minimized or mitigated, and how the plan will be funded. Meanwhile, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service attempts to assure property owners that they will not face additional land restrictions beyond those outlined in their Habitat Conservation Plans. The plans can be applied to listed species, candidate species, species proposed for listing, and non-listed species (usually for the purpose of preventing future listing).[28]
- Candidate Conservation Agreements are made by the Fish and Wildlife Service with non-federal property owners to provide incentives for conserving candidate species so that they are not listed as endangered or threatened.[29]
Affected governmental activities
Federal law requires conservation programs for all listed endangered and threatened species and their habitats. This requirement can affect all federal agencies.
- Consultations are partnerships between the Fish and Wildlife Service and federal agencies. Federal law requires all federal agencies to participate in conserving listed species, stipulating that agency activities must not be "likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or adversely modify designated critical habitats." Consultations can involve recovering the habitats of listed species, addressing threats to listed species from federal programs or actions, and coordinating projects and resources between federal agencies. Examples of federal activities that require require consultations include oil and natural gas drilling on federal land, offshore drilling in areas owned by the federal government, and oil and gas activities affecting wetlands or other waters of the United States.[30] [31]
- Recovery is a process to halt the decline of endangered or threatened populations by removing or reducing threats. In its recovery efforts, the Fish and Wildlife Service collaborates with federal, state, and local agencies, as well as conservation groups, businesses, private individuals, and volunteers. According to the Fish and Wildlife Service, recovery plans are implemented "to stabilize, recover, and ultimately delist" threatened and endangered species.[32]
California permits
Under California law, individuals who possess incidental take permits or enhancement of survival permits under federal law must notify the California Department of Fish and Wildlife before taking any further action; however, individuals do not need a state-specific permit if they already hold a federal permit. California law also allows taking, possessing, or importing protected plant species for scientific, educational or management purposes. The California Department of Fish and Wildlife provides these permits mostly for botanical surveys, research, or recovery activities for plants protected under state law.[33]
Under California law, individuals who take an endangered or threatened species without a permit are liable for up to $10,000 in fines for each endangered or threatened species that was taken, transported, received, purchased, acquired, or sold. These penalties are levied addition to federal penalties.[34]
Governance
Federal and state agencies
- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is a federal agency responsible for the Endangered Species Act. The agency recovers and conserves endangered or threatened species. The agency also classifies endangered or threatened species. The agency's enacted budget for fiscal year 2014 totaled $2.79 billion.[35][36]
- The California Department of Fish and Wildlife oversees the conservation of California fish and wildlife, including endangered species. The department is also responsible for regulating non-native species and their possession and sale, designating certain lands and waters as protected areas, and listing and delisting threatened and endangered species under the California Endangered Species Act.[37][38]
Federal grants
The table shows the amounts that California received under the federal Endangered Species Conservation Fund Project. These grants were given to fund Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP) and land acquisition.
2015
Federal grants for habitat conservation plans (HCP) and land acquisition in fiscal year 2015 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Grant | Cost per acre* | Purpose | |||
Riverside County | $2,000,000 | $1,951.2 | Acquisition of approximately 1,025 acres of land to conserve federally listed species such as the California gnatcatcher, Arroyo southwestern toad, and Quino checkerspot butterfly. | |||
Contra Costa County | $2,000,000 | $3,333.33 | Purchase of approximately 600 acres for federally listed species such as the San Joaquin kit fox, California red-legged frog, and vernal pool tadpole shrimp. | |||
Los Angeles County | $2,000,000 | $35,714.29 | Acquisition of approximately 56 acres of land for conserving habitats of important population of federally threatened coastal California gnatcatchers (songbirds) and for cactus wren (songbirds). | |||
Riverside County | $2,000,000 | $441.89 | Acquisition of up to 4,526 acres for regional wildlife habitats, specifically to protect federally listed species such as the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard, desert tortoise, and peninsular bighorn sheep. | |||
San Diego County | $2,000,000 | $15,037.59 | Acquisition of 133 acres for the coastal California gnatcatcher. | |||
San Diego County | $2,000,000 | $10,000.00 | Acquisition of up 200 acres for the protection of habitat for species such as the San Diego fairy shrimp, the arroyo toad, the coastal California gnatcatcher, and others. | |||
*Cost per acre was calculated by dividing the grant cost by the total number of acres conserved. Some funds may have gone to activities other than land acquisition. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "FY 2015 Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund Project Descriptions Arranged by State," accessed July 5, 2016 |
2014
The table shows the amount in federal grants California received under the federal Endangered Species Conservation Fund Project in 2014. These grants were given to fund Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP) and land acquisition. Click the [Show] button to see all 2014 federal grants for California.
Federal grants for habitat conservation plans (HCP) and land acquisition in fiscal year 2014 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | Grant | Cost per acre* | Purpose | ||||
Santa Clara County | $2,000,000 | $1,063.26 | Acquisition of 1,881 acres for protecting grassland habitats and species, such as the federally protected "checkerspot" butterfly, the California tiger salamander, and the California red-legged frog. | ||||
Los Angeles County | $2,000,000 | $35,714.29 | Acquisition of approximately 56 acres of land for conserving habitats of important populations of federally threatened coastal California gnatcatchers (songbird) and for cactus wren (songbird). | ||||
Riverside County | $1,500,000 | $1,463.41 | Acquisition of approximately 1,025 acres of land to conserve federally listed species such as the California gnatcatcher, Arroyo southwestern toad, and Quino checkerspot butterfly. | ||||
San Diego County | $2,000,000 | $15,037.59 | Acquisition of 133 acres for the coastal California gnatcatcher. | ||||
Contra Costa County | $2,000,000 | $2,857.14 | Purchase of approximately 700 acres for federally listed species such as the San Joaquin kit fox, California red-legged frog, and vernal pool tadpole shrimp. | ||||
Riverside County | $893,000 | $102.81 | Acquisition of up to 8,686 acres for regional wildlife habitats, specifically to protect federally listed species such as the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard, desert tortoise, and peninsular bighorn sheep. | ||||
*Cost per acre was calculated by dividing the grant cost by the total number of acres conserved. Some funds may have gone to activities other than land acquisition. Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "FY 2014 Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund Project Descriptions Arranged by State" |
State laws
- The California Endangered Species Act (CESA) was adopted in 1970, three years prior to the adoption of the federal Endangered Species Act. The law provided for state protection of "all native species of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, invertebrates, and plants, and their habitats" that are threatened with extinction or that could experience severe population decline without state intervention. The law is enforced and administered by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.[39]
- The Native Plant Protection Act (1977) granted the California Department of Fish and Wildlife the authority "to preserve, protect, and enhance native plants." The law also permitted the California Fish and Game Commission to designate plants as threatened, rare, or endangered and to issue permits for individuals desiring to collect, transport, or sell such plants.[39]
Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms California endangered species. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.
See also
- Environmental policy in California
- Endangered Species Act
- Implementation of the Endangered Species Act
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- Endangered species
External links
- Text of the Endangered Species Act
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website
- U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Service
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife
- California Fish and Wildlife Commission
Footnotes
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Improving ESA Implementation," accessed May 15, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "ESA Overview," accessed October 1, 2014
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cornell University Law School, "16 U.S. Code, Section 1535 (Endangered Species Act)," accessed September 26, 2014
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "ESA Basics," accessed September 26, 2014
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Candidate Species: Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act," accessed November 1, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Delisting a Species - Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act," accessed August 27, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Glossary," accessed November 17, 2014
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Summary of Listed Species Listed Populations and Recovery Plans," accessed December 1, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Glossary," accessed September 5, 2017
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Recovery," accessed October 13, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered Species Act - Section 3," accessed October 7, 2015
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered and threatened species in California," accessed July 6, 2016
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Species listed in each state based on published historic range and population data," accessed May 30, 2016
- ↑ California Department of Fish and Wildlife, "State and Federally Listed Endangered and Threatened Animals of California," accessed July 6, 2016
- ↑ California Department of Fish and Wildlife, "State and Federally Listed Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Plants of California,"accessed July 6, 2016
- ↑ Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ U.S. Government Printing Office, "U.S. 16 §1533. Determination of endangered species and threatened species (under the Endangered Species Act," accessed April 1, 2015
- ↑ Earth Justice, "Citizens' Guide to the Endangered Species Act," accessed April 7, 2015
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Delisted Species Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)," accessed May 18, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act," accessed September 26, 2014
- ↑ Regional Perspectives in Marine Biology, "Recruitment in Coral Reef Fish Populations," accessed July 8, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, " Endangered Species Act (ESA) Requirements for Construction Activities," accessed September 26, 2014
- ↑ National Wildlife Service, "Endangered Species Act," accessed January 29, 2015
- ↑ Lieberman & Belcher, "What Constitutes Harassment of an Endangered Species," March 17, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "The Application of the Endangered Species Act with Respect to Plants in Virginia," accessed July 2, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Permits," accessed January 8, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Our Endangered Species Program and How It Works with Landowners," accessed July 1, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Habitat Conservation Plans (Section 10 of the Endangered Species Act)," accessed July 7, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Candidate Conservation Agreements Fact Sheet," accessed July 8, 2015
- ↑ Houston Bar Association, "The Endangered Species Act and the Oil and Gas Industry," November 13, 2013
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Consultations with Federal Agencies (Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act)," accessed July 7, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Endangered Species Recovery Program," accessed July 7, 2015
- ↑ Official California Legislative Information, "California Fish and Game Code Section 2080-2085," accessed June 30, 2015
- ↑ Official California Legislative Information, "Fish and Game Code Section 2583," accessed June 30, 2015
- ↑ U.S. Department of the Interior, "Fiscal Year 2015: The Interior Budget in Brief," March 2014
- ↑ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Overview," accessed November 17, 2014
- ↑ California Fish and Game Commission, "About the Fish and Game Commission," accessed July 1, 2015
- ↑ California Department of Fish and Wildlife, "Threatened and Endangered Species," accessed December 11, 2014
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 California Fish and Game Commission, "History of California's Legislative and Regulatory Actions to Protect Wildlife," accessed June 30, 2015
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