Public policy in New York

• Fiscal policy
  • Budgets
    • Budget and finances by state
    • Tax policy by state
    • State Budget Terms
    • State government tax collections by source
    • Total state expenditures
    • State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures
    • State debt
  • Finanzbranche
    • Financial regulation in the United States
    • Dodd-Frank Act
    • Federal Reserve
  • Pensions
    • Pension policy by state
    • Public pension health by state
    • Pension reform in San Jose and San Diego
    • Pension Terms and Definitions
    • Public pensions
• Civil liberties
  • Affirmative action
  • Campaign finance
  • Nonprofit regulation
• Bildung
  • Public education by state
  • School choice by state
  • Charter schools by state
  • Higher education by state
  • Education policy in the United States
  • Public education in the United States
  • Education statistics
    • Education statistics in the United States
    • Education spending per pupil
    • Number of schools by school type in the U.S.
    • Demographic information for all students in the United States
    • Public school system expenditures in the United States
    • Public school system revenues in the United States
    • Public school teacher salaries in the United States
    • Graduation rates by groups in state
    • Public high school dropout rates by state
    • ACT and SAT scores in the United States
    • NAEP scores by state
  • Major terms
    • Blended learning
    • Charter schools
    • Common Core
    • Dropout rate
    • Progressive education
    • Regulatory Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate
    • School vouchers
    • Teacher merit pay
  • United States education agencies
• Elections
  • Voting policy
    • Voter identification laws by state
    • Online voter registration
    • Early voting
  • Ballot access
    • Ballot access for presidential candidates
    • Ballot access for major and minor party candidates
    • List of political parties in the United States
    • Political party designation
  • Redistricting
    • State-by-state redistricting procedures
    • Majority-minority districts
• Energy and Environment
  • Energy Policy by state
  • Fracking
    • Fracking information by state
    • Fracking
    • Fracking in the United States
  • Energy policy in the United States
  • Energy use in the United States
  • Oil and gas on federal lands by state
  • Energy terms and definitions
  • Agencies and legislation
  • Environmental Policy by state
  • Endangered Species Policy
    • Endangered species policy by state
  • Environmental policy in the United States
  • Environmental statistics
  • Endangered species statistics
  • Glossary of environmental terms
  • Glossary of endangered species terms
• Gesundheitswesen
  • Healthcare policy by state
  • Medicaid spending by state
  • Effect of the Affordable Care Act by state
  • Healthcare policy in the United States
  • Affordable Care Act
• Immigration
  • Immigration in the United States
  • Immigration by state
• Index

The Public Policy Project on Ballotpedia aims to illuminate major policy issues being discussed and implemented throughout the United States. Public policy can be complicated and controversial; deciding what works best and how to allocate resources to achieve a policy goal can involve multiple trade-offs. Much of the public policy that affects citizens economically, legally and socially, is made at the state level. Below you will find links and introductions to all the New York public policy articles on Ballotpedia. To see the policy overview of another state click on the map below.

For a list of all public policy articles on Ballotpedia see here.

Budget Policy

Budget and finances

In New York, as in other states, lawmakers and public officials are elected in part to manage the state's finances. This includes generating revenues (money coming into the state from various sources) and approving expenditures (the money spent on governmental functions and servicing state debt). State budgets are complex and fluid, as they depend on anticipated revenues and planned expenditures, which may alter over the course of a fiscal year. If revenues do not keep pace with expenditures, states generally have to raise taxes, cut services, borrow money, or a combination of the three. State budget decisions are also influenced by policy decisions at the national level, such as the Affordable Care Act or energy and environmental regulations, and issues at the local level, such as crime and the quality of education.

HIGHLIGHTS

Between fiscal years 2015 and 2016, total government spending in New York increased by approximately $6.8 billion—from $143.9 billion in fiscal year 2015 to an estimated $150.1 billion in 2016. This represents a 4.7-percent increase.

In New York in fiscal year 2015, 62.3 percent of total tax revenues came from income taxes.

Education accounted for 26.4 percent of state expenditures in fiscal year 2015, while 31.7 percent went to Medicaid.

Taxes

New York generates the bulk of its tax revenue by levying a personal income tax and a sales tax. The state derives its constitutional authority to tax from Article XVI of the state constitution.

Tax policy can vary from state to state. States levy taxes to help fund the variety of services provided by state governments. Tax collections comprise approximately 40 percent of the states' total revenues. The rest comes from non-tax sources, such as intergovernmental aid (e.g., federal funds), lottery revenues and fees. The primary types of taxes levied by state governments include personal income tax, general sales tax, excise (or special sales) taxes and corporate income tax.

HIGHLIGHTS

According to the United States Census Bureau, New York collected $81.35 billion in tax revenue in 2016. The state's tax revenue per capita was $4,120.

Civil Liberties Policy

Affirmative action

Affirmative action in New York refers to the steps taken by employers and universities in New York to increase the proportions of historically disadvantaged minority groups at those institutions. Historically, affirmative action nationwide has taken many different forms, such as strict quotas, extra outreach efforts, and racial and gender preferences. However, racial quotas in university admissions were banned in a 1978 United States Supreme Court case, Regents of the University of California v. Bakke.

On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court reversed lower court decisions in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina, effectively ending the use of affirmative action in college admissions.

As of March 2015, 109 out of 577 public four-year universities across the country reported that they considered race in admissions. This practice has been banned in eight states. Meanwhile, 28 states require affirmative action plans in either public employment or apprenticeships. Affirmative action programs that grant racial preferences have come under scrutiny in the courts for potentially violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.

The following information details the use of affirmative action in universities and employment in New York, as well as notable court cases originating in the state.

HIGHLIGHTS

In New York, eleven public universities reported considering race in admissions as of March 2015. At that time, New York law required affirmative action plans by state contractors, and protected their development by all other employers.

The effects of affirmative action policies are contested. Proponents argue that affirmative action diversifies selective institutions and provides more opportunities to minorities. Opponents argue that implementing policies that favor some groups requires discrimination against others and that these policiesmay harm individuals they are meant to help.

Campaign finance

New York campaign finance requirements govern the following:

• how much money candidates may receive from individuals and organizations,
• how much and how often they must report those contributions, and
• how much individuals, organizations and political parties may contribute to campaigns.

In addition to direct campaign contributions, campaign finance laws also apply to third-party organizations and nonprofit organizations that seek to influence elections through independent expenditures or issue advocacy.

As of May 2015, in New York, super PACs were prohibited from making contributions to candidates, PACs, party committees, and ballot measures. Contributions made to statewide candidates were limited by political party affiliation. Individuals, single candidate committees, PACs, political parties, corporations, and unions could make unlimited contributions to PACs and ballot measures.

Nonprofit regulation

Nonprofit regulation in New York involves a complex set of rules that govern nonprofit organizations and charitable giving throughout the state. Major issues surrounding nonprofit regulation nationwide include the following:

• contribution limits,
• donor disclosure, and
• the redefinition of issue advocacy.

New York is one of 39 states that require charitable organizations, and those intending to solicit on their behalf, to register with the state in order to solicit contributions, whether they are a New York organization or based out-of-state. In New York, a number of groups and organizations are exempt from registration. These groups must file for exemption; it is not automatic.

New York is one of three states (along with California and Florida) that require organizations to file copies of IRS Form 990 Schedule B attachments, which list names and addresses of contributors who gave over $5,000.

New York is also one of 32 states that allows registrants to use either the Unified Registration Statement (URS) or the state registration form. Only seven states requiring registration do not accept the URS.

According to Guidestar, an organization that reports on nonprofit companies, regulation of nonprofit activity protects donors and organizations from potential fraud and helps "to maintain trust in the [nonprofit] sector." According to the London School of Economics, nonprofit disclosure requirements can create privacy concerns among potential donors, thereby having an unintended negative impact on donor participation.

Education Policy

K-12 Public education

The New York public school system (prekindergarten through grade 12) operates within districts governed by locally elected school boards and superintendents. In 2022, New York had 2,488,476 students enrolled in a total of 4,360 schools in 686 school districts. There were 205,293 teachers in the public schools, or roughly one teacher for every 12 students, compared to the national average of 1:16. In 2020, New York spent on average $25,519 per pupil. The state's graduation rate was 83 percent in the 2018-2019 school year.

Higher education

New York's higher education system is composed of 309 colleges and universities. Of these, 81 are public institutions, 184 are nonprofit private schools, and 44 are for-profit private institutions.

HIGHLIGHTS

At public four-year colleges in New York, 38.7 percent graduated within four years, while 59.2 percent graduated within six years. These figures were lower than in three neighboring states.

In New York, state appropriations per full-time student declined 2.4 percent between 2009 and 2014, one of the lowest rates of decrease in the nation.

In New York, the average salary of full-time instructional faculty at public four-year colleges decreased from $80,190 to $72,107 between the 2008-2009 to the 2013-2014 school years, one of five states with a decrease in such salaries. However, this represented a 1.6 percent increase when adjusted for inflation.

School choice

School choice is a term that refers to programs offering alternatives to assigned local public school options. Public school choice options include open enrollment policies, magnet schools, and charter schools. Other options include school vouchers, scholarship tax credits, and education savings accounts (ESAs).

HIGHLIGHTS

According to the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, a charter school advocacy group, there were an estimated 257 total charter schools in New York in the 2015-2016 school year. These schools enrolled approximately 125,800 students.

In New York, there were 452,380 students enrolled in 1,870 private schools in fall 2013, accounting for roughly 14.71 percent of the state's total school-age population.

According to the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, as of June 2016, New York provided no financial assistance (either in the form of vouchers or tax credits) to parents wishing to send their children to private schools instead of public schools.

Proponents argue that school choice programs improve educational outcomes by expanding opportunity and access for historically disadvantaged students. In addition, advocates claim that school choice programs empower parents and improve traditional public schools through competition. Critics contend that these programs divert funds from traditional public schools, thereby generating unequal outcomes for students. In addition, some critics argue that school voucher programs wrongly direct tax dollars to religious organizations, which operate many private schools.

Charter schools

Charter schools in New York are public schools operated independently of public school systems, either by nonprofit or for-profit organizations. Although they are largely publicly funded, charter schools are exempt from many of the requirements imposed by state and local boards of education regarding hiring and curriculum. As public schools, charter schools cannot charge tuition or impose special entrance requirements; students are usually admitted through a lottery process if demand exceeds the number of spaces available in a school. Charter schools generally receive a percentage of the per-pupil funds from the state and local school districts for operational costs based on enrollment. In most states, charter schools do not receive funds for facilities or start-up costs; therefore, they must rely to some extent on private donations. The federal government also provides revenues through special grants. As of March 2017, 44 states and the District of Columbia had approved legislation authorizing the creation of public charter schools. Six states had not.

HIGHLIGHTS

According to the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, a charter school advocacy group, there were an estimated 257 total charter schools in New York in the 2015-2016 school year. These schools enrolled approximately 125,800 students.

Overall, charter school students accounted for 4.66 percent of total public school enrollment in New York in 2015.

The New York State Legislature approved the state's charter school law in 1998.

Election Policy

Ballot access requirements

In order to get on the ballot in New York, a candidate for state or federal office must meet a variety of state-specific filing requirements and deadlines. These regulations, known as ballot access laws, determine whether a candidate or party will appear on an election ballot. These laws are set at the state level. A candidate must prepare to meet ballot access requirements well in advance of primaries, caucuses, and the general election.

There are three basic methods by which an individual may become a candidate for office in a state.

1. An individual can seek the nomination of a state-recognized political party.
2. An individual can run as an independent. Independent candidates often must petition in order to have their names printed on the general election ballot.
3. An individual can run as a write-in candidate.

This article outlines the steps that prospective candidates for state-level and congressional office must take in order to run for office in New York. For information about filing requirements for presidential candidates, see "Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New York." Information about filing requirements for local-level offices is not available in this article (contact state election agencies for information about local candidate filing processes).

Redistricting

Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Each of New York's 26 United States Representatives and 213 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.

New York was apportioned 26 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives after the 2020 census, 1 fewer than it received after the 2010 census. Click here for more information about redistricting in New York after the 2020 census.

HIGHLIGHTS

Following the 2020 United States Census, New York was apportioned 26 congressional districts, one less than the number it had after the 2010 census.

New York's House of Representatives is made up of 150 districts; New York's State Senate is made up of 63 districts.

In 2014, New York voters approved a constitutional amendment establishing a politician commission for both congressional and state legislative redistricting. The commission was set to take over the redistricting process beginning in 2020.

Voting

Energy Policy

Energy information

Energy policy involves governmental actions affecting the production, distribution, and consumption of energy in a state. Energy policies are enacted and enforced at the local, state, and federal levels and may change over time. These policies include legislation, regulation, taxes, incentives for energy production or use, standards for energy efficiency, and more. Stakeholders include citizens, politicians, environmental groups, industry groups, and think tanks. A variety of factors can affect the feasibility of federal and state-level energy policies, such as available natural resources, geography, and consumer needs.

Fracking

Environmental Policy

Environmental information

Environmental policy aims to conserve natural resources by balancing environmental protection with economic growth, property rights, public health, and energy production. Federal, state, and local government entities develop and implement environmental policies through laws and regulations. This page features information about environmental policy in New York.

Environmental governance in New York

The New York State Assembly has a standing committee on Environmental Conservation and the State Senate has a standing committee on Environmental Conservation.

Environmental budget

See also: Environmental spending in the 50 states

The table below features annual budget information for the Department of Environmental Conservation from 2011 to 2023:

Environmental and natural resources budget in New York, 2011-2023
Fiscal year	Total spending
2023	$10,655,840,510
2022	$1,882,279,500
2021	$7,769,497,000
2020	$1,759,013,000
2019	$1,245,971,000
2018	$3,885,746,000
2017	$1,429,892,000
2016	$1,251,843,000
2015	$918,052,000
2014	$897,781,000
2013	$1,085,226,000
2012	$947,722,000
2011	$1,003,080,300
Source: New York State Division of the Budget

Air

Clean Air Act

See also: Implementation of the Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act is a federal law aimed at maintaining air quality and reducing air pollution. The law requires states and private industries to meet national air pollution standards. Each state must implement an EPA-approved plan to reduce air pollutants from industrial facilities such as chemical plants and utilities. Over 47,000 facilities nationwide were regulated under the Clean Air Act as of February 2023.

The table below features information about the number of regulated facilities under the Clean Air Act in New York from 2014 to 2023:

Regulated facilities under the Clean Air Act in New York, 2014-2023
Year	Number of EPA-regulated facilities	Number of state-regulated facilities	Number of local-regulated facilities	Total regulated facilities
2023	3	3,301	0	3,304
2022	2	3,322	0	3,324
2021	2	3,334	0	3,336
2020	4	3,353	0	3,357
2019	4	3,320	0	3,324
2018	3	3,342	0	3,345
2017	4	3,353	0	3,357
2016	7	3,162	0	3,169
2015	5	3,161	0	3,166
2014	13	3,849	0	3,862
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "EPA/State Air Dashboard"

Mercury and air toxics standards

See also: Mercury and air toxics standards

Citing its authority under the Clean Air Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2011 issued a rule (commonly known as the MATS rule) limiting the amount of mercury and other toxic air pollutants emitted by power plants. Mercury and air toxics standards (MATS) target mercury and other hazardous pollutants from over 580 coal and oil-fired power plants nationwide. The MATS rule was issued by the Obama administration as part of its larger policy limiting emissions from coal-fired power plants.

The EPA later reconsidered the MATS rule and, in 2020, determined "that it is not 'appropriate and necessary' to regulate electric utility steam generating units under section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA)."

A 2021 proposed rulemaking from the EPA seeks to revoke the 2020 action and reinstate the MATS rule.

During the period that the MATS rule was in effect, New York had 19 power plants subject to the mercury standards.

Ozone standards

See also: Ground-level ozone standards

Federal ozone standards establish the acceptable amount of ground level ozone, commonly known as smog, which is formed when nitrogen oxide combines with other organic chemicals in the atmosphere. Automobiles, power plants, factories and manufacturing centers emit the nitrogen oxide necessary for ozone formation. In high concentrations, ozone is harmful to human health.

EPA in 2015 lowered the acceptable amount of ground-level ozone (smog) in the air. The standards will go into effect in 2025. States would have between the years 2020 and 2037 to create and establish a plan to meet the standards, depending how much ozone forms in certain areas of a state.

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Clean Power Plan

See also: Clean Power Plan and climate change

The EPA in 2015 finalized a regulatory action known as the Clean Power Plan aimed at mitigating what the agency views as potentially human-caused climate change. The plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants (fossil fuel-fired) and natural gas-fired power plants by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. Each state would have to meet goals based on the number of fossil fuel- and natural gas-fired plants in the state.

After several states challenged the plan in court, arguing in part that the plan exceeded the EPA's statutory authority, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit delayed the rule's implementation in June 2016. The Trump administration later moved to replace the Clean Power Plan with the Affordable Clean Energy rule. The D.C. Circuit vacated the Trump-era rule in January 2021, "giving the incoming Biden administration a clean slate for" drafting a new rule, according to Bloomberg.

Carbon dioxide emissions

The following table provides information about annual carbon dioxide emissions in New York from 2010 to 2020:

Carbon dioxide emissions in New York, 2010-2020 (in million metric tons of energy-related carbon dioxide)
Year	Total carbon dioxide emissions
2020	143.4
2019	169.0
2018	175.1
2017	165.8
2016	170.2
2015	174.4
2014	176.2
2013	169.1
2012	167.9
2011	175.3
2010	185.0
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration

Land

Federal land policy

See also: Federal land policy

Federal land policy involves the conservation and management of natural resources on land owned by the federal government. Most federal land policies focus on conservation, recreation, oil and natural gas extraction, wildlife and forest management, and grazing.

The federal government as of 2018 owned around 640 million total acres of land (about 28 percent) of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four federal agencies (the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Park Service (NPS), the Forest Service (FS) oversee public lands for conservation, recreation, wildlife protection, grazing, energy production, and other purposes. The Department of Defense also oversees federal lands used for military, training, and related purposes. The majority of federal land is located in Alaska and 11 coterminous Western states

Federal land ownership

See also: Federal land ownership by state

The table below features information about changes in federal land ownership in New York from 1990 to 2018:

Change in federal land ownership in New York, 1990-2018
Year	Total federal land (in acres)	Percentage of state land owned by the federal government
2018	230,992	0.8%
2010	211,422	0.7%
2000	229,097	0.7%
1990	215,441	0.7%
Source: Congressional Research Service

Federal land management by agency

The following table features information about federal land management in New York by federal agency in 2018:

Federal agency land management in New York, 2018
Agency	Total federal land in state managed by agency (in acres)	Percentage of total federal land in state
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)	0	0%
Forest Service (FS)	16,352	7.1%
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)	29,301	12.7%
National Park Service (NPS)	34,106	14.7%
Department of Defense (DoD)	151,233	65.4%
Source: Congressional Research Service

National parks

The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) as of February 2023 oversaw what the agency describes as 424 units (often referred to as parks) and more than 150 related areas within the National Park System. The agency assists in managing national historic areas, wild and scenic rivers, historic landmarks, and national trails. The National Park System contained more than 85 million acres as of February 2023, including national parks, historical parks and sites, national monuments, battlefields and military parks, recreation areas, seashores, and parkways. More than 297 million visitors attended sites in the National Park System in 2021. NPS employed around 20,000 permanent, temporary, and seasonal employees as of February 2023.

NPS operated 24 national parks in New York as of February 2023.

The following table features visitation statistics for national parks in New York from 2017 to 2021.

National Park Service visitation in New York, 2017-2021
Year	Total recreation visits
2021	11,952,676
2020	8,646,464
2019	21,013,245
2018	19,291,389
2017	19,343,416
Source: U.S. National Park Service

Payments in lieu of taxes

See also: Payments in lieu of taxes

The U.S. Department of the Interior pays local governments each year to offset what they lose in property taxes due to non-taxable federal land within their borders, commonly known as payments in lieu of taxes (PILT). PILT payments go toward fire and police departments, public schools, road construction, and other local services. PILT amounts are based on population and the amount of federal land in a county. From 1977 (when PILT payments began) to 2022, the Interior Department paid out around $10.8 billion to states, territories, and Washington, D.C. PILT payments can be used for any governmental purpose.

The following table features information about payments in lieu of taxes received by local governments in New York from 2017 to 2021.

Total payments in lieu of taxes, New York, 2017-2021
Year	Total payments in lieu of taxes
2022	$184,337
2021	$178,545
2020	$175,363
2019	$168,942
2018	$163,655
Source: U.S. National Park Service

Oil and natural gas activity

See also: Oil and natural gas extraction on federal land and BLM oil and gas leases by state

The federal government leases its land to private individuals and companies for energy development, including drilling for crude oil and natural gas, solar energy, and geothermal energy. Oil and natural gas drilling on federal lands in the United States is primarily overseen by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Private oil and natural gas companies apply for leases from the BLM to produce energy on federal land. About 26 million acres of federal land—12.8 million of which produced oil and gas in economic quantities—were leased to about 24,000 oil and gas developers operating 96,000 wells at the end of fiscal year 2018.

The following table features information about oil and natural gas activity on federal land in New York from 2017 to 2021:

Oil and natural gas activity on federal land in New York, 2017-2021
Year	Oil production (in thousands of barrels)	Natural gas production (in million cubic feet)	Total leases in state	Total leased acres in state
2021	0	6,203	4	1,010
2020	0	6,390	5	1,182
2019	0	7,847	5	1,182
2018	0	7,261	5	1,183
2017	0	8,460	5	1,183
Source: U.S. National Park Service

Water

Clean Water Act

See also: Implementation of the Clean Water Act

The Clean Water Act is a federal law regulating pollutants discharged into all waters of the United States, including lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. The federal government approves water quality and technology standards for major sources of water pollution, such as chemical plants, steel manufacturers, municipal facilities, and others. Each state must establish water quality standards for all bodies of water within its boundaries.

Under the Clean Water Act, it is unlawful to discharge any pollutant from any source into navigable waters without a federal permit. The permit specifies what limitations or conditions apply to a facility before the facility may discharge any pollutants. Federal permits may contain facility-specific requirements and limitations depending on the water source.

The following table provides information about the number of New York facilities subject to regulation under the Clean Water Act from 2014 to 2023:

Clean Water Act permits, New York, 2014-2023
Year	Number of facilities
2023	6,912
2022	6,959
2021	6,871
2020	6,787
2019	7,482
2018	7,404
2017	7,232
2016	6,445
2015	6,127
2014	5,873
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "National Water Activity Dashboard"

Waste

Superfund sites and hazardous waste facilities

See also: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

Superfund is a federal program that addresses contaminated waste sites and their return to practical use. Superfund sites include oil refineries, smelting facilities, mines and other industrial areas. The federal government can compel the private entities responsible for a waste site to clean the site or face penalties. If the federal government cleans a waste site, it can compel the responsible company to reimburse the government for cleanup costs. Because Superfund sites are added and removed from a prioritized list on a regular basis, the total number of Superfund sites since the program's inception in 1980 is unknown.

The federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act covers hazardous wastes, including their generation, treatment, storage and disposal. States may regulate hazardous wastes rather than the federal government. The EPA is responsible for all hazardous waste requirements if no state program exists. Hazardous waste regulations cover waste generators, transporters, treatment centers, storage and disposal facilities.

New York had 86 Superfund sites and 29,853 regulated hazardous waste facilities as of February 2023.

Endangered species

Endangered Species Act

See also: Endangered species in New York

The Endangered Species Act is a federal law that mandates the listing and conservation of endangered and threatened species. The legislation aims to prevent the extinction of vulnerable species throughout the United States and to recover a species' population to the point where listing the species as endangered or threatened is no longer necessary. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is responsible for the law's implementation.

New York had 25 federally listed endangered or threatened plant or animal species as of February 2023. To view the full list, click here.

Environmental ballot measures in New York

The following list features historical information about ballot measures relating to environmental issues in New York.

Natural resources

• New York Proposed Amendment, Creation and Maintenance of Ski Slopes (1967)
• New York Municipal Water Supply in Hamilton County, Proposal 1 (2007)
• New York Condemnation of Land by Counties, Amendment 8 (1927)
• New York Annexation of Land by Cities, Amendment 9 (1927)

Environment

• New York Forest Preserve Power Line Proposal, Proposal 1 (2009)
• Rhode Island "Clean Water, Open Space and Healthy Communities" Bonds, Question 7 (2014)
• New York Proposition Number One, State Environmental Preservation (1972)
• New York Twenty-first Century Environmental Quality Bond Act, Proposal 1 (1990)
• New York Environmental Quality Bond Act of 1986 (1986)
• New York State Debt for the Environment, Proposition 1 (1972)
• New York Establishment of the State Nature and Historical Preserve, Amendment 3 (1969)
• New York Proposal 1, Environmental Bond Measure (2022)
• New York Proposal 2, Environmental Rights Amendment (2021)

Water

• New York Proposal 1, Spending on Sewage Facilities Excluded from Debt Limits (2003)
• New York Municipal Water Supply in Hamilton County, Proposal 1 (2007)
• New York Construction of Storm Water Facilities by Municipalities, Amendment 5 (1975)
• New York Canal System and the Federal Government, Amendment 6 (1959)
• New York Local Indebtedness for Water Supply, Amendment 4 (1953)
• New York Water Power Development on Forest Preserve Land, Amendment 3 (1923)
• New York Disposition of Erie Canal, Amendment 6 (1921)
• New York Disposition of Erie Canal, Amendment 7 (1921)
• New York Amendment on Drainage, Amendment 1 (1919)
• New York Sale or Lease of Erie Canal, Amendment 3 (1918)

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Recent environmental legislation in New York

The following list features information about environmental bills that have been introduced in or passed by the New York State Legislature in the last five years. To learn more about these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.

See also

• Endangered species in New York
• Energy policy in New York
• Federal land policy
• Federal land ownership by state
• U.S. Bureau of Land Management
• U.S. Department of the Interior
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
• U.S. National Park Service

External links

• Search Google News for this topic
• New York Department of Environmental Conservation
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Footnotes

Endangered species

Endangered species policy in New York involves the identification and protection of endangered and threatened animal and plant species. Policies are implemented and enforced by both the state and federal governments.

HIGHLIGHTS

As of July 2016, New York had 21 species—10 endangered species and 11 threatened species—listed under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA).

Of these, 13 were animal species and eight were plant species.

Finance Policy

Financial regulation information

The United States financial system is a network that facilitates exchanges between lenders and borrowers. The system, which includes banks and investment firms, is the base for all economic activity in the nation. According to the Federal Reserve, financial regulation has two main intended purposes: to ensure the safety and soundness of the financial system and to provide and enforce rules that aim to protect consumers. The regulatory framework varies across industries, with different regulations applying to different financial services.

Individual federal and state entities have different and sometimes overlapping responsibilities within the regulatory system. For example, individual states and three federal agencies—the Federal Reserve, the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)—regulate commercial banks. Other sectors of the financial market are regulated by specific entities.

HIGHLIGHTS

In 2015, there were a total of 103 distinct commercial banks in New York, with total deposits of $1,381.89 billion.

The Department of Financial Services is responsible for chartering, licensing, and supervising financial institutions in New York.

In 2015, a total of 215,281 financial crimes were reported in New York according to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN), an agency of the United States Department of Treasury.

Some, such as the Brookings Institution, argue that expanded governmental regulation of banks and financial products (e.g., mortgages) can prevent large-scale financial crises, protect consumers from abusive practices, and stabilize financial markets. Others, such as the Cato Institute, argue that over-regulation of banks of banks and financial products burdens business, stalls economic growth, and does little, if anything, to stabilize financial markets. Beyond this basic debate about the role of the government in regulating the private financial sector, there are varying opinions about the proper extent of governmental regulation.

Healthcare Policy

Healthcare information

Healthcare policy in New York involves the creation and implementation of laws, rules, and regulations for managing the state's healthcare system. The healthcare system consists of services provided by medical professionals to diagnose, treat, and prevent mental and physical illness and injury. The system also encompasses a wide range of related sectors, such as insurance, pharmaceuticals and health information technology.

According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, the 50 state legislatures collectively "make thousands of health policy decisions each year," not including the decisions made by local governments, which often oversee hospitals, and private bodies, such as insurers. These decisions can include budget appropriations, requirements for doctors obtaining their licenses, which services are covered by insurance, how personal health information is managed, and which immunizations children must receive, among many others.

Healthcare policy affects not only the cost citizens must pay for care, but also their access to care and the quality of care received, which can influence their overall health. A top concern for policymakers is the rising cost of healthcare, which has placed an increasing strain on the disposable income of consumers as well as on state budgets.

Other issues in healthcare policy include

• state Medicaid expansion,
• health information technology and privacy,
• uninsured and underinsured portions of the population,
• a shortage of primary care physicians, and
• mental healthcare access and coverage.

Medicaid spending

New York's Medicaid program provides medical insurance to groups of low-income people and individuals with disabilities. Medicaid is a nationwide program jointly funded by the federal government and the states. Medicaid eligibility, benefits, and administration are managed by the states within federal guidelines. A program related to Medicaid is the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), which covers low-income children above the poverty line and is sometimes operated in conjunction with a state's Medicaid program. Medicaid is a separate program from Medicare, which provides health coverage for the elderly.

Effect of the Affordable Care Act

The impact of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA), also known as Obamacare, has been debated among politicians, policymakers, and other stakeholders. The ACA was signed into law in 2010 by President Barack Obama (D). The law facilitated the purchase of health insurance through a system of health insurance exchanges, tax credits, and subsidies. Initially, states were required to expand eligibility for Medicaid under the law; a 2012 ruling by the United States Supreme Court made the Medicaid expansion voluntary for states. The law also required insurers to cover healthcare services within a standard set of benefits and prohibited coverage denials based on preexisting conditions. Under the law, all individuals were required to obtain health insurance.

HIGHLIGHTS

Between 2013 and 2016, the number of uninsured individuals in New York declined by 42.9%.

About 207,000 individuals in New York were enrolled in health plans offered through the health insurance exchange in 2017. Enrollment in Medicaid amounted to about 6.4 million in May 2017.

The Kaiser Family Foundation found that between 2016 and 2017, average monthly premiums for benchmark plans on New York's exchange increased by an average of 24% in the New York market, from $369 to $456.

Immigration Policy

Immigration information

Immigration policy determines who may become a new citizen of the United States or enter the country as a temporary worker, student, refugee, or permanent resident. The federal government is responsible for setting and enforcing most immigration policy.

Meanwhile, states assume a largely supportive role, enacting their own supplementary laws and setting policies that may, for example, determine which public services immigrants can access, establish employee screening requirements, or guide the interaction between related state agencies and their federal counterparts.

Some jurisdictions, including some states, cities, and counties, have adopted policies of not cooperating with federal immigration enforcement; these jurisdictions have become known as sanctuary jurisdictions.

HIGHLIGHTS

As of October 2016, New York allowed lawfully residing immigrant children and pregnant women to enroll in Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program. The state allowed individuals residing in the state without legal permission to access in-state tuition rates. New York did not provide driver's licenses to individuals residing in the state illegally.

In 2014, New York's population amounted to nearly 19.6 million individuals. Native-born citizens comprised about three-fourths of the population; 11.8 percent of residents were naturalized citizens and 10.5 percent were non-citizens.

New York's poverty rate during 2014 was 12.0 percent. Among native-born citizens, 10.0 percent lived below the poverty line, compared to 25.0 percent of non-citizens.

Pension Policy

Public pensions

New York public pensions are the state mechanism by which state and many local government employees in New York receive retirement benefits.

There were nine public pension systems in New York as of 2020. Of these, three were state-level programs while the remaining six were administered at the local level. Membership in New York's various pension systems totaled 2,407,115, as of fiscal year 2020. Of these, 1,188,237 were active members.

HIGHLIGHTS

Total contributions of $19.8 billion were made to New York's state and local pension systems, in fiscal year 2020. Of this amount, $1.8 billion came from employees.

New York's state and local pension systems made payments totaling $29.2 billion, in fiscal year 2020.

New York's state and local pension systems held $545.0 billion in total cash and investment holdings, as of fiscal year 2020.

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Footnotes