Suffrage on the ballot: This topic refers to ballot measures regarding who can vote.
Related topics include the following:
Ballot measures lists
By state
- Note: The list below automatically compiles all potential and certified ballot measures being tracked by Ballotpedia. Sometimes a measure that has been abandoned by petitioners or in the legislature will still be listed until a legal deadline passes. As more deadlines pass in any given year, the list will more accurately represent which measures will actually go before voters in the current year.
Alabama
- Alabama Suffrage Amendment (June 1996)
- Alabama Amendment 1, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Measure (2020)
Alaska
- Alaska Voting Age, Amendment 1 (August 1970)
- Alaska English Eliminated as Voting Requirement, Amendment 2 (August 1970)
- Alaska Residency Requirement for Voting, Amendment 1 (August 1972)
Arizona
- Arizona Proposition 101, Congressional Vacancy Elections Amendment (1962)
- Arizona Proposition 102, Voting Qualifications for General Elections Amendment (1962)
- Arizona Measure Nos. 102-103, Votes on Bond Issues or Special Assessments Amendment (1930)
- Arizona Measure Nos. 300-301, Women's Suffrage and Right to Hold Office Amendment (1912)
Arkansas
- Arkansas Poll Tax Amendment (1892)
- Arkansas Poll Tax, Amendment 9 (1908)
- Arkansas Education Qualifications for Voting Amendment (September 1912)
- Arkansas Poll Tax, Amendment 11 (1926)
- Arkansas Abolition of Poll Tax, Proposed Amendment 45 (1956)
- Arkansas Amendment 8, Women's Suffrage Measure (1920)
California
- California Voter Qualifications, Proposition 3 (1892)
- California Proposition 4, Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1911)
- California Proposition 43, Constitutional Right to Have One's Vote Counted Amendment (March 2002)
- California Proposition 44, Chiropractic License Revocation for Insurance Fraud Measure (March 2002)
- California Amendment 6, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1896)
- California Proposition 13, Voter Eligibility and Absentee Voting Amendment (1926)
- California Proposition 17, Voting Rights Restoration for Persons on Parole Amendment (2020)
- California Proposition 18, Primary Voting for 17-Year-Olds Amendment (2020)
Colorado
- Colorado Amendment No. 5, Reduce Residency Requirement from One Year to Six Months and Establish Voting Rights for Individuals Living on Federal Lands Amendment (1970)
- Colorado Amendment No. 4, Lower Voting Age from 21 to 19 and Reduce Residency Requirement from One Year to Six Months Amendment (1970)
- Colorado Property Tax Payer Requirement to Vote on School Bonded Indebtedness, Measure 2 (1928)
- Colorado Proposal No. 4, Residency Requirements for Voting in Presidential Elections Amendment (1962)
- Colorado Women's Suffrage Amendment (1893)
- Colorado Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1877)
- Colorado Amendment 76, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Initiative (2020)
Connecticut
- Connecticut Qualifications of Electors, Question 3 (1970)
Florida
- Florida Amendment 3, Voting in Presidential Elections Amendment (1966)
- Florida Amendment 1, Voting Qualifications Amendment (1970)
- Florida Amendment 2, Absentee Voting for the Armed Forces Amendment (1960)
- Florida Voter Eligibility Amendment (1916)
- Florida Amendment 4, Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative (2018)
Georgien
- Georgia Age Requirements for Voting, Amendment 6 (1943)
Idaho
- Idaho Women's Suffrage Amendment (1896)
- Idaho Indian Right to Vote, HJR 2 (1950)
- Idaho Lower Voting Age, SJR 3 (1960)
- Idaho Remove Voter Disqualification, HJR 7 (1982)
- Idaho Remove Voting Age and Residency Requirements, HJR 14 (1982)
- Idaho Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
Illinois
- Illinois Right to Vote Amendment (2014)
- Illinois Voting Age Amendment (December 1970)
Iowa
- Iowa Qualifications of Electors, Amendment 1 (1868)
- Iowa Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (June 1916)
- Iowa Require Citizenship to Vote in Elections and Allow 17-Year-Olds to Vote in Primaries Amendment (2024)
Kansas
- Kansas Women's Suffrage Amendment (1867)
- Kansas Women's Suffrage Amendment (1912)
- Kansas Women's Suffrage Amendment (1894)
Kentucky
- Kentucky Voting Rights Referendum (1955)
- Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
Louisiana
- Louisiana Women's Suffrage Amendment (1918)
- Louisiana Amendment 1, Citizen Requirement for Voting Measure (December 2022)
Maine
- Maine Suffrage for Native Americans, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 2 (1954)
- Maine Literacy Test Repeal, Proposed Constitutional Amendment (1979)
- Maine Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (September 1917)
- Maine Residence for Suffrage Purposes, Amendment No. 2 (1919)
- Maine Women's Suffrage for Presidential Elections Referendum (September 1920)
- Maine Absentee Voting, Amendment No. 1 (1921)
- Maine Voter Residence Qualification, Amendment No. 1 (1935)
- Maine Voter Residence Qualification, Proposed Amendment to the Constitution (1938)
- Maine Elimination of Pauper Voting Restrictions, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1965)
- Maine Voting Age Requirement of 20, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1970)
- Maine Voting Age Requirement of 18, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1971)
- Maine Elimination of Residency Requirement for Intrastate Moves, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1974)
- Maine Repeal of Poll Tax and Military Service Exemption, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 2 (1978)
- Maine Repeal Mentally Ill Under Guardianship Voting Limitation, Question 5 (1997)
- Maine Allow Persons with Mental Illness to Vote, Question 5 (2000)
- Maine Question 8, Repeal Constitutional Provision Prohibiting Voting for Individuals Under Guardianship Due to Mental Illness Amendment (2023)
Maryland
- Maryland Restriction of Right to Vote, Question 5 (1972)
- Maryland Delete Obsolete Language of Citizens Allowed to Vote, Question 14 (1972)
- Maryland Elective Franchise, Amendment 1 (1905)
- Maryland Elective Franchise, Amendment 1 (1909)
- Maryland Vote Selling Penalties, Amendment 4 (1913)
Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Question 3, Voting Age to 19 Amendment (1970)
- Massachusetts Question 2, Minimum Voting Age Amendment (1972)
- Massachusetts Question 3, Allow Paupers to Vote Amendment (1972)
- Massachusetts Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1915)
- Massachusetts Women's Suffrage for Local Elections Advisory Question (1895)
- Massachusetts Question 2, Incarcerated Felon Voting Amendment (2000)
- Massachusetts Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Amendment (2026)
Michigan
- Michigan African American Suffrage Question (1850)
- Michigan Women's Suffrage Amendment (1918)
- Michigan Women's Suffrage and Ability to Hold Office Amendment (1874)
- Michigan Women's Suffrage Amendment (1912)
- Michigan Women's Suffrage Amendment (April 1913)
- Michigan Establishing Impartial Suffrage Amendment (1870)
Minnesota
- Minnesota Right to Vote, Amendment 1 (1865)
- Minnesota Right to Vote, Amendment 1 (1867)
- Minnesota Right to Vote, Amendment 1 (1868)
- Minnesota Amendment 2, Women's Suffrage in School Affairs Measure (1875)
- Minnesota Amendment 4, Women's Suffrage for Local Option Elections Measure (1877)
- Minnesota Prohibit Aliens from Voting, Amendment 2 (1896)
- Minnesota Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage for School and Library Boards Amendment (1898)
- Minnesota Clarify Voting Requirements, Amendment 3 (1952)
Mississippi
- Mississippi Women's Suffrage Amendment (1920)
Missouri
- Missouri Issue 13, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1914)
- Missouri Suffrage Amendment, Issue 2 (1922)
- Missouri Voting Age, Amendment 1 (1974)
- Missouri Amendment 7, Require Citizenship to Vote and Prohibit Ranked-Choice Voting Amendment (2024)
Montana
- Montana Voting Qualifications, Amendment 1 (1896)
- Montana Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (1914)
- Montana Change Voting Age, Amendment 3 (1970)
- Montana Voting Age, Amendment 1 (1972)
Nebraska
- Nebraska Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (1882)
- Nebraska Voting Requirements, Amendment 1 (1910)
- Nebraska Amendment 4, Women's Suffrage Measure (1914)
- Nebraska Voting Requirements, Amendment 1 (1918)
- Nebraska Amendment 18, Women's Suffrage Measure (September 1920)
- Nebraska Soldier Suffrage, Amendment 19 (September 1920)
- Nebraska Voting Age, Amendment 1 (1968)
- Nebraska Voting Age, Amendment 1 (1970)
- Nebraska Voting Age, Amendment 8 (May 1972)
- Nebraska Resident Requirements for Voters, Amendment 15a (May 1972)
- Nebraska Voter Age Requirements, Amendment 3b (1988)
- Nebraska Women's Suffrage Amendment (September 1871)
Nevada
- Nevada Question 1, Reduce Voting Age to 18 Amendment (June 1971)
- Nevada Residency Requirement for Voting, Question 1 (1976)
- Nevada Voter Residency Requirements Amendment, Question 1 (2008)
- Nevada Voting Requirements for Non-Residents, Question 1 (1970)
- Nevada Women's Suffrage Amendment (1914)
- Nevada Voter Identification Initiative (2024)
New Hampshire
- New Hampshire Question 7, Women's Suffrage Amendment (March 1903)
- New Hampshire Right to Vote Amendment (1921)
New Jersey
- New Jersey Public Question Four (2007)
- New Jersey Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1915)
- New Jersey Women's Suffrage for School Elections Amendment (September 1897)
New York
- New York Repeal of Property Requirement for African Americans to Vote Amendment (1846)
- New York Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (1917)
- New York Amendment 2, Women's Suffrage Measure (1915)
North Carolina
- North Carolina Qualifications for Suffrage and Office Amendment (August 1900)
- North Carolina Literacy Voting Requirement Amendment (1970)
- North Carolina Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
North Dakota
- North Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1914)
- North Dakota Relating to Elective Franchise, Referendum 2 (1958)
- North Dakota New Residents Presidential Voting Referendum, Number 2 (1966)
- North Dakota Lowering Voting Age Referendum, Number 4 (1968)
- North Dakota Elective Franchise Referendum, Amendment 2 (1978)
- North Dakota Election Law Revision Referendum, Measure 8 (1980)
- North Dakota Measure 2, Citizen Requirement for Voting Amendment Initiative (2018)
- North Dakota Elective Franchise Referendum (1920)
Ohio
- Ohio Women's Right to Vote in Presidential Elections Referendum (1917)
- Ohio Women's Right to Vote Initiative (1914)
- Ohio Voter Eligibility Criteria Amendment (1923)
- Ohio Women's Suffrage Amendment (September 1912)
- Ohio Remove "White" From Voter Qualifications Amendment (September 1912)
- Ohio Lower the Voting Age to 19 Amendment (1969)
- Ohio Voter Qualifications and Privileges Amendment (June 1976)
- Ohio Denial of Right to Vote, Amendment 1 (October 1867)
- Ohio Issue 2, Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment (2022)
Oklahoma
- Oklahoma State Question 8, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1910)
- Oklahoma Education Qualifications to Vote, State Question 17 (August 1910)
- Oklahoma Qualifications for Electors, State Question 82 (August 1916)
- Oklahoma State Question 97, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1918)
- Oklahoma Voting Age, State Question 356 (1952)
- Oklahoma Voting Age, State Question 484
- Oklahoma Qualifications of Electors, State Question 503 (August 1974)
- Oklahoma Women's Right to Vote, State Question 517 (1976)
- Oklahoma Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
Oregon
- Oregon Measure Nos. 302-303, Women's Suffrage Amendment (June 1906)
- Oregon Measure 9, Women's Suffrage Amendment (June 1908)
- Oregon Measure 1, Suffrage for Women Taxpayers (1910)
- Oregon Measure 1, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1912)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, American Citizenship Required to Vote Amendment (1914)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 304-305, Suffrage for "Negro and Mulatto" Persons and "Chinamen" Amendment (1916)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, Voters' Literacy Amendment (1924)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, Suffrage for "Negroes, Chinamen and Mulattoes" Amendment (June 1927)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, Taxpayer Voting Qualifications Amendment (1932)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 306-307, Suffrage for "Mentally-Diseased" and Convicts Amendment (1942)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 306-307, Forfeit Voting Rights by Criminal Conviction Amendment (1944)
- Oregon Measure 7, Voter Qualifications for Presidential Elections Amendment (1960)
- Oregon Measure 5, Voting Age from 21 to 19 Amendment (May 1970)
- Oregon Measure 1, Remove Literacy Requirement and Lower Voting Age Amendment (May 1972)
- Oregon Measure 8, Lower Voting Age and Residency Requirement for School District Elections Amendment (1974)
- Oregon Measure 10, Align State with Federal Voter Qualifications Amendment (1974)
- Oregon Measure 2, Suffrage for "Mentally Handicapped" Amendment (1980)
- Oregon Women's Suffrage Amendment (June 1884)
- Oregon Women's Suffrage Amendment (June 1900)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 308-309, Qualifications to Vote in School Elections Initiative (1948)
Pennsylvania
- Pennsylvania Women's Suffrage Amendment (1915)
- Pennsylvania Question 6, Voter Residency Requirements and Absentee Voting Amendment (May 1967)
Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Women's Suffrage Amendment (April 1887)
South Carolina
- South Carolina Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
South Dakota
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1890)
- South Dakota Native American Suffrage (1890)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage in School Affairs Amendment (1894)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1898)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1910)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1916)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1918)
- South Dakota Voting Age (1952)
- South Dakota Voting Age (1958)
- South Dakota Voting Age, Amendment F (1970)
- South Dakota Voting Age, Amendment A (1972)
- South Dakota Right of Suffrage, Amendment B (1974)
- South Dakota Change the Voting Age, Amendment B (1994)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1914)
Texas
- Texas Proposition 2, Citizenship Voting Requirements Amendment (1896)
- Texas Proposition 2, Women's Suffrage Amendment (May 1919)
- Texas Proposition 1, Suffrage Amendment (July 1921)
- Texas Proposition 14, Voting in the Armed Forces Amendment (1966)
Utah
- Utah State Constitution Ratification Measure (1895)
Vermont
- Vermont Suffrage for Women Amendment (1924)
Washington
- Washington Women's Suffrage Amendment (1910)
- Washington Referendum 39, Voter Registration by Mail Measure (1977)
- Washington SJR 143, Durational Residency Requirement Amendment (1974)
- Washington HJR 6, Voting Age of 19 Amendment (1970)
- Washington HJR 4, Voter Qualifications for Presidential Elections Amendment (1966)
- Washington Initiative 40, Poll Tax Repeal Measure (1922)
- Washington Amendment to Article VI Sec. I, Qualification of Voters for Indebtedness Amendment (1916)
- Washington Women's Suffrage Amendment (1898)
- Washington Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1889)
- Washington HJR 19, Voter Qualifications Amendment (1962)
West Virginia
- West Virginia Women's Suffrage Amendment (1916)
Wisconsin
- Wisconsin Question 1, Voting Rights for Children of U.S. Citizens Living Abroad Measure (2000)
- Wisconsin Question 3, Deletion of Obsolete Provision Amendment (April 1986)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Presidential Voting Rights Question (1978)
- Wisconsin Question 2, Overseas Voting Rights Question (1978)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Residency Requirement for Voter Registration Measure (1976)
- Wisconsin Question 4, Dueling and Disenfranchisement Amendment (April 1975)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Residency Requirement for Voter Registration Measure (1966)
- Wisconsin Question 3, Voting Rights for Former Residents (1962)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Voting Eligibility Measure (1954)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1934)
- Wisconsin Question 4, Women's Suffrage Measure (1912)
- Wisconsin Question 4, Suffrage for Full Citizens Only Amendment (1908)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Women's Suffrage in School Matters Measure (1886)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Voter Requirements Amendment (1882)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Suffrage for African Americans Referendum (1865)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Suffrage for African Americans Referendum (1857)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Equal Suffrage Referendum (1849)
- Wisconsin Question 2, Equal Suffrage Referendum (April 1847)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Public Inland Lake Protection and Rehabilitation Districts Voting Rights Question (1980)
- Wisconsin Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment (2024)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Suffrage Definition Amendment (April 1986)
Wyoming
- Wyoming Suffrage Not Based on Mental Status, Amendment B (1996)
- Wyoming State Constitution Ratification Measure (1890)
By year
- Note: The list below automatically compiles all potential and certified ballot measures being tracked by Ballotpedia. Sometimes a measure that has been abandoned by petitioners or in the legislature will still be listed until a legal deadline passes. As more deadlines pass in any given year, the list will more accurately represent which measures will actually go before voters in the current year.
2026
- Massachusetts Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Amendment (2026)
2024
- Iowa Require Citizenship to Vote in Elections and Allow 17-Year-Olds to Vote in Primaries Amendment (2024)
- Wisconsin Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment (2024)
- Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
- Idaho Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
- South Carolina Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
- Oklahoma Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
- Missouri Amendment 7, Require Citizenship to Vote and Prohibit Ranked-Choice Voting Amendment (2024)
- North Carolina Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
- Nevada Voter Identification Initiative (2024)
2023
- Maine Question 8, Repeal Constitutional Provision Prohibiting Voting for Individuals Under Guardianship Due to Mental Illness Amendment (2023)
2022
- Louisiana Amendment 1, Citizen Requirement for Voting Measure (December 2022)
- Ohio Issue 2, Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment (2022)
2020
- Alabama Amendment 1, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Measure (2020)
- California Proposition 17, Voting Rights Restoration for Persons on Parole Amendment (2020)
- Colorado Amendment 76, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Initiative (2020)
- California Proposition 18, Primary Voting for 17-Year-Olds Amendment (2020)
2018
- Florida Amendment 4, Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative (2018)
- North Dakota Measure 2, Citizen Requirement for Voting Amendment Initiative (2018)
2014
- Illinois Right to Vote Amendment (2014)
2008
- Nevada Voter Residency Requirements Amendment, Question 1 (2008)
2007
- New Jersey Public Question Four (2007)
2002
- California Proposition 43, Constitutional Right to Have One's Vote Counted Amendment (March 2002)
- California Proposition 44, Chiropractic License Revocation for Insurance Fraud Measure (March 2002)
2000
- Wisconsin Question 1, Voting Rights for Children of U.S. Citizens Living Abroad Measure (2000)
- Maine Allow Persons with Mental Illness to Vote, Question 5 (2000)
- Massachusetts Question 2, Incarcerated Felon Voting Amendment (2000)
1997
- Maine Repeal Mentally Ill Under Guardianship Voting Limitation, Question 5 (1997)
1996
- Wyoming Suffrage Not Based on Mental Status, Amendment B (1996)
- Alabama Suffrage Amendment (June 1996)
1994
- South Dakota Change the Voting Age, Amendment B (1994)
1988
- Nebraska Voter Age Requirements, Amendment 3b (1988)
1986
- Wisconsin Question 3, Deletion of Obsolete Provision Amendment (April 1986)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Suffrage Definition Amendment (April 1986)
1982
- Idaho Remove Voter Disqualification, HJR 7 (1982)
- Idaho Remove Voting Age and Residency Requirements, HJR 14 (1982)
1980
- Wisconsin Question 1, Public Inland Lake Protection and Rehabilitation Districts Voting Rights Question (1980)
- Oregon Measure 2, Suffrage for "Mentally Handicapped" Amendment (1980)
- North Dakota Election Law Revision Referendum, Measure 8 (1980)
1979
- Maine Literacy Test Repeal, Proposed Constitutional Amendment (1979)
1978
- Wisconsin Question 1, Presidential Voting Rights Question (1978)
- Wisconsin Question 2, Overseas Voting Rights Question (1978)
- North Dakota Elective Franchise Referendum, Amendment 2 (1978)
- Maine Repeal of Poll Tax and Military Service Exemption, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 2 (1978)
1977
- Washington Referendum 39, Voter Registration by Mail Measure (1977)
1976
- Wisconsin Question 1, Residency Requirement for Voter Registration Measure (1976)
- Ohio Voter Qualifications and Privileges Amendment (June 1976)
- Oklahoma Women's Right to Vote, State Question 517 (1976)
- Nevada Residency Requirement for Voting, Question 1 (1976)
1975
- Wisconsin Question 4, Dueling and Disenfranchisement Amendment (April 1975)
1974
- Washington SJR 143, Durational Residency Requirement Amendment (1974)
- Oregon Measure 8, Lower Voting Age and Residency Requirement for School District Elections Amendment (1974)
- Oregon Measure 10, Align State with Federal Voter Qualifications Amendment (1974)
- Maine Elimination of Residency Requirement for Intrastate Moves, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1974)
- Missouri Voting Age, Amendment 1 (1974)
- South Dakota Right of Suffrage, Amendment B (1974)
- Oklahoma Qualifications of Electors, State Question 503 (August 1974)
1972
- Oregon Measure 1, Remove Literacy Requirement and Lower Voting Age Amendment (May 1972)
- Massachusetts Question 2, Minimum Voting Age Amendment (1972)
- Massachusetts Question 3, Allow Paupers to Vote Amendment (1972)
- Maryland Restriction of Right to Vote, Question 5 (1972)
- Maryland Delete Obsolete Language of Citizens Allowed to Vote, Question 14 (1972)
- Montana Voting Age, Amendment 1 (1972)
- South Dakota Voting Age, Amendment A (1972)
- Alaska Residency Requirement for Voting, Amendment 1 (August 1972)
- Nebraska Voting Age, Amendment 8 (May 1972)
- Nebraska Resident Requirements for Voters, Amendment 15a (May 1972)
1971
- Maine Voting Age Requirement of 18, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1971)
- Oklahoma Voting Age, State Question 484
- Nevada Question 1, Reduce Voting Age to 18 Amendment (June 1971)
1970
- Colorado Amendment No. 5, Reduce Residency Requirement from One Year to Six Months and Establish Voting Rights for Individuals Living on Federal Lands Amendment (1970)
- Colorado Amendment No. 4, Lower Voting Age from 21 to 19 and Reduce Residency Requirement from One Year to Six Months Amendment (1970)
- Florida Amendment 1, Voting Qualifications Amendment (1970)
- Connecticut Qualifications of Electors, Question 3 (1970)
- Washington HJR 6, Voting Age of 19 Amendment (1970)
- Oregon Measure 5, Voting Age from 21 to 19 Amendment (May 1970)
- Massachusetts Question 3, Voting Age to 19 Amendment (1970)
- Maine Voting Age Requirement of 20, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1970)
- Montana Change Voting Age, Amendment 3 (1970)
- South Dakota Voting Age, Amendment F (1970)
- Alaska Voting Age, Amendment 1 (August 1970)
- Alaska English Eliminated as Voting Requirement, Amendment 2 (August 1970)
- Nebraska Voting Age, Amendment 1 (1970)
- North Carolina Literacy Voting Requirement Amendment (1970)
- Illinois Voting Age Amendment (December 1970)
- Nevada Voting Requirements for Non-Residents, Question 1 (1970)
1969
- Ohio Lower the Voting Age to 19 Amendment (1969)
1968
- North Dakota Lowering Voting Age Referendum, Number 4 (1968)
- Nebraska Voting Age, Amendment 1 (1968)
1967
- Pennsylvania Question 6, Voter Residency Requirements and Absentee Voting Amendment (May 1967)
1966
- Wisconsin Question 1, Residency Requirement for Voter Registration Measure (1966)
- Florida Amendment 3, Voting in Presidential Elections Amendment (1966)
- Washington HJR 4, Voter Qualifications for Presidential Elections Amendment (1966)
- North Dakota New Residents Presidential Voting Referendum, Number 2 (1966)
- Texas Proposition 14, Voting in the Armed Forces Amendment (1966)
1965
- Maine Elimination of Pauper Voting Restrictions, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 1 (1965)
1962
- Wisconsin Question 3, Voting Rights for Former Residents (1962)
- Arizona Proposition 101, Congressional Vacancy Elections Amendment (1962)
- Arizona Proposition 102, Voting Qualifications for General Elections Amendment (1962)
- Colorado Proposal No. 4, Residency Requirements for Voting in Presidential Elections Amendment (1962)
- Washington HJR 19, Voter Qualifications Amendment (1962)
1960
- Florida Amendment 2, Absentee Voting for the Armed Forces Amendment (1960)
- Oregon Measure 7, Voter Qualifications for Presidential Elections Amendment (1960)
- Idaho Lower Voting Age, SJR 3 (1960)
1958
- North Dakota Relating to Elective Franchise, Referendum 2 (1958)
- South Dakota Voting Age (1958)
1956
- Arkansas Abolition of Poll Tax, Proposed Amendment 45 (1956)
1955
- Kentucky Voting Rights Referendum (1955)
1954
- Wisconsin Question 1, Voting Eligibility Measure (1954)
- Maine Suffrage for Native Americans, Proposed Constitutional Amendment No. 2 (1954)
1952
- Minnesota Clarify Voting Requirements, Amendment 3 (1952)
- South Dakota Voting Age (1952)
- Oklahoma Voting Age, State Question 356 (1952)
1950
- Idaho Indian Right to Vote, HJR 2 (1950)
1948
- Oregon Measure Nos. 308-309, Qualifications to Vote in School Elections Initiative (1948)
1944
- Oregon Measure Nos. 306-307, Forfeit Voting Rights by Criminal Conviction Amendment (1944)
1943
- Georgia Age Requirements for Voting, Amendment 6 (1943)
1942
- Oregon Measure Nos. 306-307, Suffrage for "Mentally-Diseased" and Convicts Amendment (1942)
1938
- Maine Voter Residence Qualification, Proposed Amendment to the Constitution (1938)
1935
- Maine Voter Residence Qualification, Amendment No. 1 (1935)
1934
- Wisconsin Question 1, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1934)
1932
- Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, Taxpayer Voting Qualifications Amendment (1932)
1930
- Arizona Measure Nos. 102-103, Votes on Bond Issues or Special Assessments Amendment (1930)
1928
- Colorado Property Tax Payer Requirement to Vote on School Bonded Indebtedness, Measure 2 (1928)
1927
- Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, Suffrage for "Negroes, Chinamen and Mulattoes" Amendment (June 1927)
1926
- Arkansas Poll Tax, Amendment 11 (1926)
- California Proposition 13, Voter Eligibility and Absentee Voting Amendment (1926)
1924
- Vermont Suffrage for Women Amendment (1924)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, Voters' Literacy Amendment (1924)
1923
- Ohio Voter Eligibility Criteria Amendment (1923)
1922
- Washington Initiative 40, Poll Tax Repeal Measure (1922)
- Missouri Suffrage Amendment, Issue 2 (1922)
1921
- Maine Absentee Voting, Amendment No. 1 (1921)
- Texas Proposition 1, Suffrage Amendment (July 1921)
- New Hampshire Right to Vote Amendment (1921)
1920
- Maine Women's Suffrage for Presidential Elections Referendum (September 1920)
- Nebraska Amendment 18, Women's Suffrage Measure (September 1920)
- Nebraska Soldier Suffrage, Amendment 19 (September 1920)
- Mississippi Women's Suffrage Amendment (1920)
- North Dakota Elective Franchise Referendum (1920)
- Arkansas Amendment 8, Women's Suffrage Measure (1920)
1919
- Maine Residence for Suffrage Purposes, Amendment No. 2 (1919)
- Texas Proposition 2, Women's Suffrage Amendment (May 1919)
1918
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1918)
- Oklahoma State Question 97, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1918)
- Nebraska Voting Requirements, Amendment 1 (1918)
- Louisiana Women's Suffrage Amendment (1918)
- Michigan Women's Suffrage Amendment (1918)
1917
- Ohio Women's Right to Vote in Presidential Elections Referendum (1917)
- Maine Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (September 1917)
- New York Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (1917)
1916
- Florida Voter Eligibility Amendment (1916)
- Washington Amendment to Article VI Sec. I, Qualification of Voters for Indebtedness Amendment (1916)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 304-305, Suffrage for "Negro and Mulatto" Persons and "Chinamen" Amendment (1916)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1916)
- Oklahoma Qualifications for Electors, State Question 82 (August 1916)
- Iowa Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (June 1916)
- West Virginia Women's Suffrage Amendment (1916)
1915
- New Jersey Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1915)
- Pennsylvania Women's Suffrage Amendment (1915)
- New York Amendment 2, Women's Suffrage Measure (1915)
- Massachusetts Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1915)
1914
- Ohio Women's Right to Vote Initiative (1914)
- Missouri Issue 13, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1914)
- Oregon Measure Nos. 300-301, American Citizenship Required to Vote Amendment (1914)
- North Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1914)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1914)
- Montana Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (1914)
- Nebraska Amendment 4, Women's Suffrage Measure (1914)
- Nevada Women's Suffrage Amendment (1914)
1913
- Maryland Vote Selling Penalties, Amendment 4 (1913)
- Michigan Women's Suffrage Amendment (April 1913)
1912
- Wisconsin Question 4, Women's Suffrage Measure (1912)
- Ohio Women's Suffrage Amendment (September 1912)
- Ohio Remove "White" From Voter Qualifications Amendment (September 1912)
- Oregon Measure 1, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1912)
- Arkansas Education Qualifications for Voting Amendment (September 1912)
- Michigan Women's Suffrage Amendment (1912)
- Kansas Women's Suffrage Amendment (1912)
- Arizona Measure Nos. 300-301, Women's Suffrage and Right to Hold Office Amendment (1912)
1911
- California Proposition 4, Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1911)
1910
- Oklahoma State Question 8, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1910)
- Washington Women's Suffrage Amendment (1910)
- Oregon Measure 1, Suffrage for Women Taxpayers (1910)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1910)
- Oklahoma Education Qualifications to Vote, State Question 17 (August 1910)
- Nebraska Voting Requirements, Amendment 1 (1910)
1909
- Maryland Elective Franchise, Amendment 1 (1909)
1908
- Wisconsin Question 4, Suffrage for Full Citizens Only Amendment (1908)
- Oregon Measure 9, Women's Suffrage Amendment (June 1908)
- Arkansas Poll Tax, Amendment 9 (1908)
1906
- Oregon Measure Nos. 302-303, Women's Suffrage Amendment (June 1906)
1905
- Maryland Elective Franchise, Amendment 1 (1905)
1903
- New Hampshire Question 7, Women's Suffrage Amendment (March 1903)
1900
- North Carolina Qualifications for Suffrage and Office Amendment (August 1900)
- Oregon Women's Suffrage Amendment (June 1900)
Before 1900
- New York Repeal of Property Requirement for African Americans to Vote Amendment (1846)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Equal Suffrage Referendum (1849)
- Wisconsin Question 2, Equal Suffrage Referendum (April 1847)
- Michigan African American Suffrage Question (1850)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Suffrage for African Americans Referendum (1857)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Suffrage for African Americans Referendum (1865)
- Minnesota Right to Vote, Amendment 1 (1865)
- Minnesota Right to Vote, Amendment 1 (1867)
- Ohio Denial of Right to Vote, Amendment 1 (October 1867)
- Kansas Women's Suffrage Amendment (1867)
- Minnesota Right to Vote, Amendment 1 (1868)
- Iowa Qualifications of Electors, Amendment 1 (1868)
- Michigan Establishing Impartial Suffrage Amendment (1870)
- Nebraska Women's Suffrage Amendment (September 1871)
- Michigan Women's Suffrage and Ability to Hold Office Amendment (1874)
- Minnesota Amendment 2, Women's Suffrage in School Affairs Measure (1875)
- Minnesota Amendment 4, Women's Suffrage for Local Option Elections Measure (1877)
- Colorado Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1877)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Voter Requirements Amendment (1882)
- Nebraska Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage Measure (1882)
- Oregon Women's Suffrage Amendment (June 1884)
- Wisconsin Question 1, Women's Suffrage in School Matters Measure (1886)
- Rhode Island Women's Suffrage Amendment (April 1887)
- Washington Women's Suffrage Amendment (October 1889)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1890)
- South Dakota Native American Suffrage (1890)
- Wyoming State Constitution Ratification Measure (1890)
- Arkansas Poll Tax Amendment (1892)
- California Voter Qualifications, Proposition 3 (1892)
- Colorado Women's Suffrage Amendment (1893)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage in School Affairs Amendment (1894)
- Kansas Women's Suffrage Amendment (1894)
- Utah State Constitution Ratification Measure (1895)
- Massachusetts Women's Suffrage for Local Elections Advisory Question (1895)
- Idaho Women's Suffrage Amendment (1896)
- Minnesota Prohibit Aliens from Voting, Amendment 2 (1896)
- Montana Voting Qualifications, Amendment 1 (1896)
- Texas Proposition 2, Citizenship Voting Requirements Amendment (1896)
- California Amendment 6, Women's Suffrage Amendment (1896)
- New Jersey Women's Suffrage for School Elections Amendment (September 1897)
- Washington Women's Suffrage Amendment (1898)
- South Dakota Women's Suffrage Amendment (1898)
- Minnesota Amendment 1, Women's Suffrage for School and Library Boards Amendment (1898)
Did not make ballot
Did not make ballot
- Nebraska Detachment and Reestablishment Initiative (2008)
- Ohio Voter Bill of Rights Amendment (2014)
- North Carolina Literacy Test Repeal Amendment (2014)
- North Carolina "Mentally Incompetent" Cannot Vote Amendment (2014)
- Virginia Civil Rights Restoration for Felons Amendment (2016)
- Texas Age to Vote in Primary Amendment (2015)
- Ohio Voter Bill of Rights Amendment (2015)
- New York Age to Vote in Presidential Primary Amendment (2016)
- Kentucky Voting Rights Restoration Amendment (2016)
- Hawaii Political Affiliation Requirement Amendment (2016)
- Oregon Proof of Citizenship to Vote Initiative (2018)
- Colorado Automatic Voter Registration via Public Entities Initiative (2018)
- Nevada Voter ID Requirement Initiative (2018)
- Missouri Right to Vote Absentee Initiative (2018)
- Oklahoma Voter ID Amendment (2018)
- North Carolina Repeal Voter Literacy Requirement Amendment (2018)
- Washington Automatic Voter Registration Initiative (2018)
- Hawaii Voting in Primaries at 17 Years Old Amendment (2018)
- Texas Age to Vote in Primary Elections Amendment, HJR 31 (2017)
- South Dakota Vote by Mail Initiative (2018)
- Missouri Voter Registration at DMV at Non-Photo Voter ID Initiative (2018)
- Washington Proof of Citizenship for Voters and Candidates Initiative (2017)
- California Right to Vote of Convicted Felons Initiative (2018)
- California U.S. Citizenship Required to Vote Initiative (2020)
- Montana Resident and Citizen Requirements for Qualified Voters Initiative (2018)
- Iowa Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Amendment (2022)
- Kentucky Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Amendment (2020)
- California Voting for 17-Year-Olds Amendment (2020)
- Hawaii Voting for 16-Year-Olds Amendment (2020)
- Massachusetts Voting Rights Restoration for Incarcerated Felons Initiative (2022)
- Florida Same-Day Voter Registration Initiative (2022)
- Virginia Felon Voting Rights Restoration Amendment (2022)
- Hawaii Primary Voting for 17-Year-Olds Amendment (2022)
- Hawaii State and Local Primary Voting for 17-Year-Olds Amendment (2022)
- Missouri Single-Vote and Citizenship Voting Requirements, One Candidate Per Party, and Vote Machine Testing and Records Amendment (2022)
- Oklahoma Voter Identification Amendment (2022)
- California Age to Vote in Primary Amendment (2016)
- Texas Citizen Voting Requirement Amendment (2023)
- Florida Voting Rights for Felons and Incarcerated Individuals Initiative (2024)
- Washington Signature and Birthdate Verification of Mail-In Ballots Initiative (2023)
- West Virginia Prohibit Noncitizen Voting Amendment (2024)
- Mississippi Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024)
- New Hampshire Age to Vote in Presidential Primary Amendment (2016)
- Arizona Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment (2024)
- Washington Birthdate and Signature Verification of Ballots Initiative (2024)
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Suffrage on the ballot
Suffrage ballot initiatives are geared towards expanding voting rights to whoever is barred from doing so. Historically, the suffrage movements of women and African-Americans have received the most attention from the public. In the United States, however, comprehensive voting rights (which some argue still do not exist) have been achieved incrementally over nearly 240 years, with provisions and amendments either attempted or made to extend rights to those who do not own property, Native-Americans, the lower-middle class, and even current residents of Washington D.C.
History of suffrage reform
While one would imagine a standard history of voting reform in the United States would begin with the qualifications in the Constitution and go from there, the Constitution and the various state constitutions after the federal ratification had a part in enfranchising previously ineligible citizens. Many colonies, even after the Declaration of Independence, had religious qualifications to have the opportunity to vote. In most, Jews, Quakers and/or Catholics were excluded from voting or running in elections, with Protestantism being the requisite faith to participate[1] For example, the 1778 constitution of South Carolina states that "No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion,"[2] The 1777 constitution of Georgia has nearly exactly the same wording over the issue, saying that "The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county...and they shall be of the Protestant religion."[3] The ratification of the United States Constitution in 1787 effectively did away with most faith-based restrictions on, with Article Six stating unequivocally "No religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States." Because voting itself was left up to the individual states, religion as a means to determine voting rights was not completely phased out until 1810.[4]
The next major component of voting restrictions that began to be reformed were property qualifications. Before and after 1787, Delaware expected voters to own fifty acres of land and/or property worth forty pounds; Rhode Island set the cutoff point at property worth forty pounds or an annual rent of two pounds, almost identical to Connecticut's.[5] Such requirements reflected the belief that property owners had a vested interest in the community's success and had demonstrated they were active and responsible members of society; as such, they and they alone should have the privilege to participate in civic affairs.During this time, however, dedication to this policy ebbed and its validity came under attack. Property restrictions gradually disappeared, and even tax-paying requirements waned after the 1820s.[5]
The next breakthrough to be made in voting rights did not happen until after the Civil War and constitutes only a small part of an issue that has lasted about as long as the United States has existed, that of African-American enfranchisement. Political opposition to slavery began in the north during the 1820s, eventually coalescing in organizations such as the American Anti-Slavery Society, formed in 1833. As the abolitionist movement grew in import between then and the Civil War, the other major suffrage movement to spill over into the twentieth century, regarding women, started to take hold. in 1848, the first Women's Rights Convention is held, demanding among other things the right to vote.[6]
The animosity between pro and anti-slavery advocates came to a head in the Civil War, after which there was a series of amendments made to bolster the Emancipation Proclamation, forcing states, particularly in the south, to comply with the freeing of slaves. Only a few years after the Thirteenth Amendment guaranteed the permanent abolition of slavery, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship to all those born within the United States notwithstanding their race. The amendment overruled the previously adhered to Naturalization Act of 1790, which limited naturalization to "free white persons," leaving out slaves, free blacks and later Asians.[7] Despite the amendment, and the seemingly natural consequence of blacks now being able to vote, many continued to harass and abuse those who tried to exercise their rights. Especially in the south, many whites started to try and limit the ability of freedmen to vote. Groups like the Ku Klux Klan used violence and intimidation to discourage freed slaves to even try and vote. The Fifteenth Amendment was passed in 1870, and said outright that the rights of citizens to vote will not be withheld based on race or any previous condition of servitude.[8] Even with this, there was a continued rise in disruptive and violent groups, even more organized than the KKK, that worked to derail Republican organizing, keep Republicans out of office and intimidate or even kill blacks to suppress their votes. Arguably the most important piece of legislation, however, comes in 1965 with the passage of the Voting Rights Act
In the 1890s, a new string of legislatively supported forms of discrimination were established. In addition to simply terrorizing blacks trying to vote, things such as literacy tests and poll taxes were instituted as prerequisites to voting for anyone. Literacy tests required you to do things like read out loud a section of the Constitution, sometimes by heart and accompanied by an interpretation, to the registrar's satisfaction, as well as answer written questions on U.S. history and democratic procedure.[9] Poll taxes more directly disenfranchised blacks, in that most Southern states enacted poll tax laws accompanied with a grandfather clause that allowed any adult whose grandfather voted prior to abolition to waive the tax. As all blacks before that point weren't even citizens, the clause did nothing to help them.
In the early twentieth century, African-Americans began bringing legal challenges forward questioning the constitutionality of such restrictions, a movement that led to the establishment of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). It can be said that some progress was made during this time; the Supreme Court case Guinn v. United States of 1944 ruled that grandfather clauses in literacy requirements were in conflict with the Fifteenth Amendment, and so such requirements were struck down.[10] General prejudice still flourished, however, and it was not until the major portion of the Civil Rights Movement that substantial change was enacted. In 1964, the Twenty-fourth amendment was ratified, outlawing poll taxes as a condition of voter registration and voting in federal elections.
The most important piece of legislation of the decade regarding voting rights, however, came a year later with the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Trying to bolster both the Fifteenth and Twenty-fourth Amendment, the act prohibited states from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice or procedure...to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color."[11] In addition to strengthening the previous illegalization of poll taxes, it also banned the use of literacy tests and required fluency in English to determine voter eligibility. One of the more controversial provisions of the bill was the requirement of certain states (almost all Southern) with a history of discriminatory practices to obtain approval from the Department of Justice to make any change affecting the voting procedure. A jurisdiction that seeks to obtain "preclearance," as it is called, for the change must demonstrate that doing so will not have the effect of discriminating based on race or proficiency in English. Such standards applied to states which in 1964 had used some method to limit voting and had less than fifty percent of the population registered to vote, and still continues to affect many states today, a continued source of debate and controversy.[11]
The movement towards female suffrage was very much a parallel initiative to that of African-Americans through the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. While small organizations would spring up and call for a female suffrage movement before the Civil War, little was heard of the movement on a national scale. But in 1869, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Their goal was the creation of an amendment guaranteeing their right to vote, and they went as far as to oppose the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment until it included gender, along with race, as illegitimate grounds for denying suffrage. The group later merged with another prominent female rights group in 1890 to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which served as the dominant woman's rights organization until the early twentieth century when the National Woman's Party (NWP) was formed.
By the time the split occurred, the NAWSA had become increasingly less radical, calling for individual states to lobby and petition for suffrage. While their efforts were met with a considerable measure of success (New York, for example, approved a suffrage petition signed by over a million women in 1917), it was the NWP that focused on the passage of a constitutional amendment to ensure female suffrage. The bill for such an amendment first came before the House of Representatives in 1915, but lost a series of close votes in both the House and the Senate before being passed by both at the beginning of the summer of 1919. The last necessary state ratified it just over a year later, making the bill the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution.[12]
While most think of these two demographics when considering the issue of suffrage during the Civil Rights era, the prospect for those eighteen years and older to vote, rather than just twenty-one years and older, was an important part of the Vietnam War activist agenda. Many saw it as unjust that men who were being drafted were too young to have a say in the selection of those who were sending them to fight. In June of 1970, President Nixon extended the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to those between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one years old, stating along with his endorsement "I have directed the Attorney General to cooperate fully in expediting a swift court test of the constitutionality of the 18-year-old provision."[13] Nixon's decision was almost immediately put to such a test in the Supreme Court case Oregon v. Mitchell. The state of Oregon filed a petition saying for the federal government to decree a minimum voting age of eighteen was unconstitutional. The court in effect sided with the state, saying the government could only set such requirements for federal elections, but had to leave state elections to the individual states.[14] Spurred by increasing pressure from Vietnam War activists and other proponents of lowering the voting age, however, a Constitutional amendment proposal to lower the voting age for all elections passed the House and Senate only months after Oregon v. Mitchell, with the states ratifying it by the summer of 1971.[15]
Modern laws and controversies
Despite the progress that has been made in establishing universal suffrage, controversy continues to surround the issue with some modern restrictions on voting practices and access still called unjust.
Convicted felons
No federal law exists regarding the voting status of convicted felons, whether incarcerated or not, and so their legal ability to do so varies from state to state. There is a wide range of categories that the states occupy in terms of when in a felon's life they can once again vote, with some states reserving the right to possibly ban voting rights for life even after the completion of their supervised release (Alabama, Arizona, Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming), while others allow those incarcerated to vote from prison (only Vermont and Maine). The number of people disenfranchised amounts to about 2.42% of the total possible voting population[16]
Many see this issue as linked to the resurgence in attempts to disenfranchise blacks and minorities, mainly due to the sheer number of blacks disenfranchised in comparison to the national average. 1.4 million, or thirteen percent, of black men are not allowed to vote, a rate nearly seven times the national average, with that number reaching almost forty percent when looking at those states in which voting rights can be permanently lost.[17] The United States also has the highest prison population and percentage of citizens incarcerated in the world, making their prospect for voting potentially critical in determining possible outcomes of elections.[18]
- ↑ Williamson, Chilton. American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy. Princeton University Press
- ↑ The Avalon Project, "Constitution of South Carolina," accessed July 29, 2009
- ↑ The Avalon Project, "Constitution of Georgia," accessed July 29, 2009
- ↑ U.S. Voting Rights
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Colonial Williamsburg: That The Future May Learn From The Past, "Voting in Early America", by Ed Crews
- ↑ Voting Rights History: Two Centuries of Struggle
- ↑ Statutes At Large, First Congress, Session II, p. 103
- ↑ 15th Amendment to the Constitution
- ↑ Alabama Literacy Test
- ↑ Valelly, Richard M. The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The Voting Rights Act of 1965" U.S. National Archives. Retrieved on 2009-8-3
- ↑ One Hundred Years toward Suffrage: An Overview
- ↑ Richard Nixon, “Public Papers of the Presidents” June 22, 1970, p. 512.
- ↑ 400 U.S. 112
- ↑ Ratification of Constitutional Amendments
- ↑ Felon Voting
- ↑ Felony Disenfranchisement Laws in the United States
- ↑ Prison Brief - Highest to Lowest Rates
See also