BIOLOGY PRACTICAL 2022 WAEC

Group 1

Specimen A Weevil-damaged bean seed

Specimen B Viable bean seed

Specimen C Dried maize grain soaked in water overnight

Specimen D Soldier termite (dead)

Specimen E Honeybee (dead)

Specimen F Muddy water (in a test tube)

Specimen G Lower jaw of a herbivore with teeth intact

Group 11

Specimen H Head of domestic fowl (complete)

Specimen I Quill feather

Specimen K Leg of domestic fowl (complete)

Specimen L Head of duck (complete)

Specimen M Leg of duck (complete)

NB: (1) All specimens can be provided as group specimens for five (5) to ten (10) candidates. (11) All
specimens in each group must carry individual labels (eg. A, B, C, D, E, F and G in Group 1).

It is essential that each candidate should be provided with the following materials: (b)

(i) Glass jar cover/Petri dish; (ii) white tiles, (ill) beaker, (iv) a hand lens/magnifying lens, (v)
scalpel/razor blade/knife, (vi) a pair of forceps; (VI iodine solution.
SPECIMEN A

Weevil-damaged bean seed

State the classification of specimen A,B,C

Kingdom. Plantae

Division/Phylum: Angiospermatophyta/ Angiospermophyta/ Tracheophyta / Magnoliophyta

Class : Dicotyledoneae

-Identify SPECIMEN A... Weevil damaged bean seed

State of specimen A – Perforated / has hole / hollow / Powdery

- Eaten /spoilt by insects / Infested

-state the pest of specimen A.... Weevil

State the effect of pest on specimen A

- Reduced viability of seeds

- Reduced the economic value

-why won’t specimen A germinate

- Embryo has been eaten

-Because it lacks viability, a damaged seed can not grow because its embryo doesn’t have the nutrition
to support its germination
-State 4 conditions necessary for the germination of SPECIMEN A

Adequate temperature / warmth

Air or oxygen

Water or moisture

Viability

a). Describe the state of specimen A

Ans;-perforated/has holes/hollow/powdery/eaten or spoilt by insect/infested

(b) name the pest/agent responsible for the state of A;- weevil

(c)state the phylum and class of the pest in A

; phylum-Arthropoda, class-Insecta

(d) name two other crops which the pest/agent can infest;-rice, wheat, millet, guinea corn

(e).state three adaptive features of the pest/agent to its mode of life

Adaptive features of pest/agent that affects specimen A are;

1-long proboscis/rostrum for boring/piercing into the seed/ for feeding

2-hard fore wings/elytron to protect hind/inner membranous wing/ soft body

3-small body size that will enable it penetrate/enter the seed

4-(membranous) wings for flying

(f).State four ways of preventing the activity of the named pest/agent of specimen A

1-proper drying of seeds/grains

2-use of pesticides/insecticides

3-store in a dry place

4-Use of irradiation

5-avoid mixing old stock of seeds/grains with new seeds/grains

6-store in air tight container

(g).State two other pest/agent that can infest specimen A

Answer;-mice, rat, rabbit, squirrel, bean beetle

2(a)state the agricultural classification of specimen B and C

Ans; B-bean seed= Legume, C-maize grain= cereal

(b). What advantage does the cultivation of specimen B have over the cultivation of specimen C

1-acts as cover crop to prevent erosion

2-enriches the soil/conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates which are absorbed by the root of the
plants

(c)state;

(i)the main classes of food in each of specimen B and C

Ans: B-bean=protein, C-maize= carbohydrate

(ii) The function of the food classes named in (ci) above

-B(bean-protein)

1-for repair of worn-out tissue/formation of tissue

2-for growth

3-synthesis of enzyme

4-Synthesis of hormone/insulin

5-Formation of blood protein/fibrinogen

C-(maize-carbohydrate)

1-provide energy

2-starting material for synthesis of lipids and protein

SPECIMEN B....

VAIBLE seed
Type of germination!

Epigeal germination

-State 4 conditions necessary for the germination of SPECIMEN B

-Adequate temperature / warmth

-Air or oxygen

-Water or moisture

-Viability

Differences between Specimen A (Weevil damaged bean seed) and Specimen B (Viable bean seed)

Specimen A Specimen B
1. Embryo eaten /damaged Embryo not eaten / Enbryo intact
2. Bean seed is peforated /bean seed has Bean seed not perforated
hole
3. Bean seed infested Bean seed not infested

SPECIMEN C Dried maize grain soaked in water overnight

State the reason for soaking specimen C in water overnight

- To soften the testa / seed coat in order to increase its rate of germination
(d) Cut specimen C into two, place it on the white tile. Add a few drops of iodine solution. Record the
observation and result in a tabular form
Ans;

TEST OBSERVATION RESULT

Specimen C + iodine solution Turns blue-black/blue/black Starch is present

(e) State FIVE observable difference between specimen B and C

Ans;

BEAN SEED MAIZE GRAIN

1.Remain of style absent/one scar present Remain of style present/two scars present
2.Pericarp absent Pericarp present
3.Only testa present Testa and pericarp fused
4.Two cotyledons present Only one cotyledon present
5.Endosperm absent Endosperm present.
6.Hilium and micropyle visible Hilium and micropyle not visible

(f) state THREE similarities between specimen B and specimen C

(i) Presence of testa

(ii) Presence of Embryo
(iii) Both have position of radicle
(iv) Presence of position of plumule
(v) Presence of position of cotyledon
Specimen D Soldier termite (dead)
Phylum; Arthropoda

Class: insecta

Order : Isoptera

Scienctific name: Coptotermes formosanus

TYPES of Soldier termite...

Mandibulated
Nasute termite

Reason for placing it in Phylum Arthropoda

- Metameric segementation / segmented bodies

- Jointed appendages
- Presence of chitinous exoskeleton
- Bilateral symmetry

Reason for placing it in class Insecta

- Three body division

- Three pairs of jointed legs / Six walking legs
- A pair of antennae / two antennae
- Two pairs of wings
- Chitinous exoskeleton

Functions of specimen D.... Protect the colony

State observable features of specimen D

 Presence of antenna; to detect intruder/changes in the termitarium;

 Large/powerful mandibles; for defence/offence.*
 Three pair of walking legs
 Three body division
 Big head

Habitat: Anthill, termitarium terrestrial habitat

Structure used by specimens D for defence: (Strong and powerful/biting) mandible/jaw.

Nutrition of specimen D. Heterotrophic nutrition( herbivores)

Economics importance of specimen D

 Within these termite castes, the soldier is responsible for defending the nest. A termite’s main
enemy is an ant. Considering soldiers’ large heads and mandibles, they are well equipped to
battle insects (typically ants) that invade the colony.
 Source of protein(food)
 Cause damage to furniture, books
 They are kept as pet
 They help in decomposition

Control of Specimen D

- Use of insecticides
- Through digging to remove the queen termite

Caste of specimen D
 - King
- Queen
- Worker

Specimen E.. Honey Bee

Phylum; Arthropoda
Class: insecta
Habitat: Hive

Structure used by specimens E for defence: Sting/Ovipositor; H - (Strong and powerful/biting)

mandible/jaw.

Adaptative features of bees

Possess wing for flight
1pair of antenna for detection sound, vibration
Possession of special hair on their hind legs that serves as pollen basket
Communicate food location by waggle dance

Castes of honey bees

Drone
Worker
Queen
(c)state FIVE differences between specimen D and specimen E
Ans;

D-SOLDIER TERMITE E-HONEY BEE

1.Absence of compound eye Presence of compound eye
2.Absence of hairs on their body Presence of hairs on their body
3.Presence of large/strong/well developed Presence of small mandible
mandible
4.Absence of wing Presence of wings
5.Absence of stinger Presence of stinger
6.Absence of proboscis Presence of proboscis
7.Absence of pollen basket Presence of pollen basket

(d) State the type of metamorphosis undergo by specimen D and specimen E

Ans;
-D(soldier termite)- incomplete metamorphosis
-E(honey bee)- complete metamorphosis
(e)State FIVE similarities between specimen D and specimen E
Ans;
1.both have exoskeleton/chitinous exoskeleton
2.presence of three pairs of walking leg/six legs
3.presence of three body division (head, thorax, and abdomen)
4.both have antenna/antennae
5.both have spiracle
6. both have segmented body
7.both have jointed appendages

Differences between specimen D and E

Soldier termite Honey bee

Large head in relation to body small heading relation to body
Wing absent Wing present
Eyes absent /blind compound eyes present
Large mandible present. Probocis present
Light brown colour golden yellow and black in color
Similarities between Specimen D and E
Both have antenna
Both have 3 body division
Both have chitinous exoskeleton
Both have 3pairs of legs
Both have jointed appendages
Economic importance of Specimens D bee:
-It pollinates flowers
-It produces honey
-Produces wax;
-Sting causes pain/death:
-Bee keeping is a source of employment/ income,

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE of specimen D and E

Ans;
D-SOLDIER TERMITE
1. Destruction of wooden structures/books/clothes/leathers
2 .Destruction of crops/plant
3. Aids soil aeration through tunneling
4. Enhances penetration of water into the soil/increases soil porosity
5. Introduces vegetable matter/dead remains into the soil/increases the humus content/soil fertility
6. Serve as source of protein/food/feed
7. Cultivates fungi/mushroom
8. The mould/termitarium used as hard core for tennis courts
10. Application of pesticide/insecticide in the control is expensive
E-HONEY BEE
1. As pollinating agents of flowering plants
2. Sting causes pain/death
3. Bee keeping is a source of employment/income
4. Bee wax used in industry in the production of candles
 5. Production of honey
6. Source of food/protein
7. Wax in production of soaps and cosmetics
8.Bee wax are used in pharmaceuticals, art, furniture polish production

Specimen F. Mud water in a test tube

QUESTION
(a)Identify specimen F
Ans;
-Muddy water
(b)Name the soil sample present in specimen F and the method required to remove it
Ans;,
-Clay
-method is FILTERATION
(c)Name the substances that can be used to remove the state of specimen F
Ans;
Addition of;
(i)Gypsum (Calcium sulphate)
(ii)Epson salt (Magnesium sulphate)
(iii)Alum (Aluminium sulphate)
(iv)Limestone (calcium carbonate)

(d)State two factors that can cause the state of specimen F

Ans;
(i)- soil erosion
(ii)- presence of animals e.g duck, geese sifting through sediments as they feed
(iii)-fish/turtle stirring bottom sediments as they feed
(iv)-pollution
(v)-change in PH and water colour
(e)How can specimen F be cleared in the habitat
Ans;
(i)-eliminating waterfowl(duck/geese)
(ii)-building filtration system/ additive to flocculate clay particles
(iii)-grass/vegetation prevent erosion into pond bank
(f)Name two organisms that can live in specimen F
Ans;
-copepods, crab, water fleas, ostracods (crustacean),duck, geese
- Can serve as a breeding ground for mosquito

Specimen G. LOWER JAW OF an Herbivore

State the organism that specimen G belongs to...

Rabbit
State the phylum for the organism; Chordata/ vertebrata
State where specimen G is obtain from : the skull of a mammal or herbivore
State habitat of rabbit ;woods, forests, meadows, grasslands,

Nutrition of organisms.... Heterotrophic: herbivore

Rabbit dental formula I. 2/1. C. 0/0. Pm. 3/2. M. 3/3

QUESTION
Specimen G is a component structure obtained from a small mammalian skeleton. Examine specimen G
carefully and answer the following questions.
(i)what part of the mammalian body was specimen G obtained from?
Ans;
Obtained from; skull of a mammal/herbivore/ruminant/rabbit/guinea pig/rat etc
(ii)what name is given to specimen G?
Ans;
Lower jaw(bone)/dentary bone/mandible
(iii)mention the phylum to which specimen G belongs?
Ans;
Phylum- Chordata/Vertebrata
(iv)suggest the feeding habit of the animal
Ans;
Herbivores/biting and chewing
(v)what is of biological interest about specimen G?
Ans;
-presence of Diastema/absence of canine
(vi)describe the different observable structures/components of specimen G.
Ans;
-empty space between the incisor and the premolar (Diastema/ no canine)
-long and curved incisor
-flat surface/ ridges premolars and molars
(vii) state FOUR adaptive features of specimen G(LOWER JAW OF HERBIVORE)
Answer;
ADAPTATION OF SPECIMEN G (LOWER JAW OF HERBIVORE)
1.-Elongated/curved incisors; for cutting grass/herbs
2-Canine are absent/presence of diastema; allows tongue to roll the cropped grass
3-Broad surface of the cheek teeth/molars; for grinding/chewing/masticating
4-ridges/furrows on cheek teeth/molars; for grinding/chewing/masticating
(viii) draw a well labelled diagram 8cm-10cm of specimen G

GROUP 2
(1)name the;
(i) kingdom
(ii)Class of organism from which specimen H,J,K,L, and M belong?
Ans;
(i).Kingdom- Animalia
(ii).Class- Aves
Reasons for placing in class Aves
- Their bodies are covered with feathers except the hind legs
- They have two pairs of limbs
- They have wings for flight
- They have beak used for feeding
- They have rigid and hollow bones with air sacs to make them light
(2)State how the structure in specimen K and M adapt the organisms to their mode of life.
Ans;
Adaptation of specimen K (leg of fowl)
(i)presence of digits for walking on land,
(ii)position of digits/three forward and one backward/claw on digits for digging/searching/scratching for
food/defence
(iii)presence of scales on foot to prevent desiccation/drying/injury

Adaptation of specimen M (duck leg);

(i)webbed digits for swimming/paddling in water/increases surface area for walking on mud
(ii)presence of claws for digging for food
(iii)presence of scales on foot to prevent/protect against desiccation /injury/drying
State TWO differences between specimen K and M
Ans;
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEG OF FOWL AND LEG OF DUCK

SPECIMEN K(leg of fowl) SPECIMEN M(leg of duck)

Digits are free Digits are webbed
Hind digit is long Hind digit is short

State THREE similarities between specimen K and M

Ans;
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SPECIMEN K(LEG OF FOWL) AND SPECIMEN M(LEG OF DUCK)

(i)Both have scales,

(ii)both have claws on digit,
(iii)presence of three forward and one backward pointing digits,
(iv)both have four digits each

(3)Name the location of the body of organism from which specimen J could be obtained.
Ans;
Wing(s)/Tail(s)
(4)Give examples of organisms from which specimen J could be obtained
Ans;
-domestic fowl/duck/pigeon/cock/hen/dove/vulture/ostrich

(5)Explain three features of biological importance in specimen J

(Quill feather)
Ans;
1-vane is flat/broad; to provide surface area for flapping during flight/against desiccation
2-rachis/shaft which is centrally placed; to provide point of attachment to barbs/strengthen the feather
3-barbs with hooks ; interlock to form the vane
4-the overlapping arrangements of Quill feathers over the body of birds; allow smooth movement
5-colouration of the quill feather ; enhances courtship display/camouflage
(6)State the functions of specimen J to the organism that possess it
FUNCTION OF QUILL/FEATHER
(i)used for flight/ for flying
(ii)maintaining a warm and constant body temperature
(iii)camouflage(same colour as the surrounding)
(iv)Sexual display(plumage become strikingly beautiful)
(v)water proofing especially in aquatic/water-loving bird(duck)
(vi)for protection
(vii)for identification
(viii)for insulation
(7)state other types of specimen J that can be found on organism that possess it.
Ans;
Other types of feather apart from quill feather
-Contour feather-cover the general body surface
-Down feather-found beneath contour feather
-Filoplumes feather-nearest to the skin
(8)draw a well labelled diagram 8cm-10cm of specimen J(QUILL)
Ans;
(11) state FIVE observable features that can be inherited in specimen H and specimen L
Ans;
OBSERVABLE CHARACTERS THAT CAN BE INHERITED IN SPECIMEN H and SPECIMEN L (HEAD
OF FOWL/DUCK)
-colour of feather
-shape of beak
-size of comb
-shape of comb
-eye colour
-body size
-Colour of wattle
(12)state THREE features of locomotion possess by organism in which specimen H,J,K,L, and M are
obtained.
. FEATURES OF LOCOMOTION OF AVES
(i)streamlined shape to reduce air resistance
(ii)forelimbs modified into wings for flying
(iii)hind limb for walking and running
(iv)tail feather for steering and balancing

(13) draw a well labelled diagram 8cm-10cm of specimen H,K,L, and M

Ans;
DIAGRAM OF SPECIMEN H(FOWL HEAD)

DIAGRAM OF SPECIMEN L(HEAD OF DUCK)

DIAGRAM OF SPECIMEN M(LEG OF DUCK)

Habitat of fowl-terrestrial/land/

Habitat of duck = -terrestrial/land, -aquatic/freshwater/marine/sea/lake/pond/river/lake/stream

QUESTION
COPY AND COMPLETE THE TABLE THE TABLE

SPECIMEN TYPE OF BEAK TYPE OF FOOD SPECIAL USES

H-FOWL HEAD
L-DUCK HEAD

SPECIMEN TYPE OF FOOD TYPEOF FEET USES

K-FOWL LEG
M-DUCK LEG

ANSWER;

SPECIMEN TYPE OF BEAK TYPE OF FOOD SPECIAL USES

H-FOWL HEAD Hard, sharp, and Seeds, insects, and For digging for seeds in
pointed beak worms the dirts/ picking
seeds/grains
L-DUCK HEAD Flat, grooved and Frogs and anything For gripping slippery
ridged on inside. edible in water animals e.g frog
-serrated edge for -Also takes in beakful of
sieving small particles muddy water and
from muddy water squeezes it out through
side of beak using
ridges as a sieve to
 retain anything edible.

SPECIMEN TYPE OF FOOD TYPE OF FEET USES

K-FOWL LEG Seeds and worms Strong feet, blunt For scratching in the
nails/claws earth/digging the
soil/searching for food
M-DUCK LEG Any food in water e.g Webbed digits/ webs For Swimming/
frog between toes/digits increase surface area
for walking in soft
surfaces/mud

FOOD ITEM OF FOWL

-grains/ any named grain; insects, worms, vegetables.
Similarities between Specimen H ( Domestic fowl head) and L (Duck Head )
- Presence of eyes
- Presence of nostrils
- Presence of beak
- Presence of ear
Differences between specimen H and L

H ( Domestic fowl Head ) L ( Duck Head )

Presence of comb Absence of comb
Beak is short and pointed Beak is flattened and serrated