SCIENCE

Behavior of Gases

Gases are described in terms of four properties: 3. Temperature (T)

 Measure of warmth or coldness of a body
1. Pressure (P)
 Measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles
2. Volume (V)
in an object.
3. Temperature (T)
4. Amount/Quantity (N) Temperature units:

1. Fahrenheit (°F), in usa

2. Celcius (°C), in ph
1. Gas Pressure (P)
3. Kelvin (K), standard unit for temperature
 Is described as a force acting on a specific area.

Force
Pressure (P) =
Area Temperature Conversion:

9
°C + 32 = °F
5
 Has units of:
1. Atm (atmosphere) 5
(°F - 32) = °C
2. mm Hg (millimeter mercury) 9
3. torr
4. kPa (kilopascals) °C + 273.15 = K

1 atm = 760 mm hg, 760 torr, 101.3 kPa 4. Quantity (n)

 Measured in moles (mol)

2. Volume (V)
 Is the three-dimensional space occupied by a gas.

Solid – holds shape fixed volume

Liquid – shape of container free surface fixed volume

Gas – shape of container volume of container

Common units of volume:

1. mL
2. L
3. m3
3
4. cm

Conversion factors:

1 L = 1000 mL

1) mL = 1 cm3
 BOYLE’S LAW

- Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

 Boyle’s law sates the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume at constant temperature.

 When volume increases, pressure decreases. When volume decreases, pressure increases.

Boyle’s law calculation:

P1 V1 = P2 V2

P1 = initial pressure V1 = initial volume

P2 = final pressure V2 = final volume

Ex. A gas occupies 12.3 liters at a pressure of 40.0 mmHg. What is the volume when the pressure is increased to 120.0 mmHg?

V1 = 12.3 L P1 = 40.0 mmHg

V2 =? P2 = 120.0 mmHg

Formula:    P1V1 = P2V2

(120.0 mmHg) (12.3 L) = (40.0 mmHg) V2 

492 120V 2
=
120 120
V2 = 4.1L

Applications:

 Action of a Syringe
 Breathing
 Bicycle Pump
 Bringing a bag of chips

CHARLES’S LAW

- Jaques Charles (1746-1823)

 Charles’s law states that volume is directly proportional to the temperature at constant pressure.

 A gas expands when its temperature increases. It contracts when temperature decreases.

Charles’s Law calculations:

V1 V2
=
T1 T2

Ex. A 3.5L flexible container holds a gas at 250k. What will the new volume be if the temperature is increased to 400k?

V1= 3.5L V1 V2
=
T1 T2
T1= 250k
3.5 L V2
V2=? =
250 k 400 k
T2= 400k
1400
= 5.6
250
Applications: hot air balloon, baking

AVOGADRO’S LAW

- Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856)

 Avogadro’s law states that the volume of a gas is directly related to the number of moles when both pressure and
temperature are held constant.

V1 V2
=
n1 n2

Ex. A 1.2L sample of gas is determined to contain 0.07 moles of nitrogen. At the same time temperature and pressure. What amount
would there be in a 20L sample?

V1 = 1.2l V2 = 20L

N1 = 0.07 mol N2 =?

V1 V2
=
n1 n2

1.2 L 20 L
0.07 mol
= n2
1.4
n2
= n2 = 1.16 -> 1.17

GAY – LUSSAC’S LAW

- Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

 Gay-Lussac's law usually refers to Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes of gases, discovered in 1808 and
published in 1809. However, it sometimes refers to the proportionality of the volume of a gas to its absolute temperature at
constant pressure.

P1 P2
T1
= T2

Ex. A cylinder of gas has a pressure of 4.40 atm at 25C. at what temperature in C will it reach a pressure of 6.50 atm?

P1 = 4.40 atm

T1 = 25C > 25C + 273.15 = 298.15K

P2 = 6.50 atm

T2 =?

P1 P2
T1
= T2

4.40 atm 6.50 atm

298.15 k
= T2
 ( 298.15 k ) (6.50 atm)
T2 = 4.40 atm

T2 = 440.44

IDEAL GAS LAW

 The combination of all simple gas laws (Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Avogadro’s law)

PV = nRT

P = pressure (atm)

V = volume (liters)

N = moles

Latm
R = 0.0821 (ideal gas constant)
mol k
T = temperature (kelvin)

Ex. A 2.5 L container holds 0.45 moles of N2 gas at 315k. what is the pressure inside the container?

P=?

V =2.5L P (2.5) = (0.45) (0.0821) (315)

N = 0.45mol 2.5 11.637

2.5
= 2.5
Latm
R = 0.0821
mol k P = 4.65
T = 315k

COMBINED GAS LAW

 It is the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other but are both directly proportional to the
temperature of that gas
 Combined gas law is the combination of three gas laws; boyle’s law, charles’s law, and gay-lussac’s law. Unlike any other gas
law this gas law has no official discoverer.

P1V 1 P2V 2
FORMULA:
T1
= T2
EX. A 35 ml bubble is released from a diver’s air tank at a pressure of 4.5 atm and a temperature of 288.15k. what is the final volume
when the pressure is at 1.5atm and temperature is 20C

P1 = 4.5 atm P2 = 1.5 atm

V1 = 35ml V2 = ?

T1 = 288.15k T2 = 20c + 273.15 k = 293.15k

P1V 1 P2V 2
T1
= T2

P1 V1 T2 = P2 V2 T1
 P1V 1T 2
V2 = P 1T 1
( 4.5 ATM )(35 ML)(293.15 K )
V2 = (1.5 ATM )(288.15 K )
46,171.125
V2 = 432.225
V2= 106.82ML

BIOMOLECULES

 any molecules that are produced by a living organism, including large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides,
lipids, and nucleic acids.
 We typically get biomolecules from food

Molecules – combination of two or more atoms 2) fructose

- fruit sugar

4 main types of biomolecules: 3) galactose

- found in milk with glucose
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins  if we combine any two of these (glucose, fructose, and
3. Nucleic acids galactose) we will be forming disaccharides (2)
4. Lipids

1) Carbohydrates
 Most common biomolecule
 Primary energy source of our body 2) Disaccharides
 Formula: (CH2O)n where n is the number of - double sugars (C12 H22 O11)
molecules
 Carbohydrates are sugar, not referring to the table 3 types.of disaccharides
sugar as by referring to sugars in general.
1) Maltose
- malt sugar
- formed by combining GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
HAVE A BUILDNG BLOCK/MONOMER:

- mono(1)saccharides(another term for sugar) 2) Lactose

- milk sugar
- formed by combining GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE

Elements: C(carbon) – H(hydrogen) – O(oxygen) 3) Sucrose

- table sugar
- ormed by combining GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
classifications:

1. monosaccharides (glucose)
2. disaccharides (sucrose)
3. polysaccharides (amylose starch) 3) Polysaccharides
- complex sugars (C6 H10 O5) where n is the number of
carbon atoms.

1) monosaccharides Examples:
- simple sugars ( C6 H12 O6 ) 1. starch
2. glycogen
3. cellulose
4. Chitin
3 types of monosaccharides

1) glucose in blood 1) starch

- blood sugar - use for energy storage in plants
- similar to dextrose - they provide a quick form of energy for the body
Examples of food where we can derive starch: R C H (NH2) COOH
1. potato
2. rice R is a side chain, usually an amino acid.
3. Pasta

Elements: C – H – O – N (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)

2) glucose
- used for energy storage in animals
- when the body doesn’t need glucose for energy, it
stores it in the liver and muscles in the form of
glycogen.

3) Cellulose
- Found in plants, in cell walls and bark of trees
- Gives us fiber

4) Chitin
- Forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and
crustaceans.

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

Examples of where we can find protein:
- Iodine test for starch
- Benedict’s test 1) Albumin
 from egg
 egg white
Iodine test
2) Hemoglobin
- Test used to determine the presence of starch in  from our blood
materials
- A positive result for iodine test (starch in present)
was a color change ranging from violet to black; a
negative result (no starch) was the yellow color
(no change) of the iodine solution.
3) Enzymes
 Amylase
Benedicts test  Trypsin
 Pepsin > THESE ARE ALSO ALL PROTEINS
- Test used for simple carbohydrates
 Lipase
- Green: then there would be 0.1 to 0.5 percent
 Gelatinase
sugar in solution
- Yellow: then 0.5 to 1 percent sugar is present
- Orange: then it means that 1 to 1.5 percent sugar
is present. TEST FOR PROTEINS
- Red: then 1.5 to 2.0 percent sugar is present - Biuret test
- Brick red: it means that more than 2 percent sugar
is present in solution.
Biuret test

- A chemical test used to determine the presence of

a pepticle bond (chemical bond between amino
2) Proteins acids) in a substance. The test yields a negative
- Body-building molecules which help us grow result if the biuret reagent remains blue, and it
- Transport molecules in and out of the cell yields a positive result if the reagent changes from
- Control the speed of chemical reactions blue to purple.
- Used for growth and repair

(Proteins make up the structure of living things)

3) nucleic acids
Building blocks: amino acid - these biomolecules are not necessarily from food

- biomolecular components of hereditary materials

General Formula: and are present in DNA
Building blocks: nucleotides

Elements: C-H-O-N-P

(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus)

1) Adenine

2) Thymine

3) Cytosine

4) Guanine

4) Lipids
- Are also energy – giving molecules, but they ae more commonly referred as the stored-energy molecules
- They store more energy that carbohydrates and proteins.
- Building block: fatty acids

General formula: CH3 (CH2) n COOH

Elements: C-H-O (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)

- Lipids provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of the body and serve as waterproof covering in some plants
and animals.

Examples: steroids, cholesterol, fats, oils, nuts, waxes

- They are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water

Examples:

 saturated fats – butter

 unsaturated fats – oil

test for lipids

- ethanol emulsion test

ethanol emulsion test

- ethanol is added to the sample.

Lipids are not present if the substance remains colorless and no emulsion is formed. Lipids are present in the substance,
however if a layer of cloudy white suspension forms above the solution.