Appendix:Gothic Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Gothic, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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โ„–EnglishGothic
edit (165)
IPA
(key)
1I (1sg)๐Œน๐Œบ (ik)/หˆik/
2you (2sg)๐Œธ๐Œฟ (รพu)/หˆฮธuห/
3he, she, it (3sg)๐Œน๐ƒ (is) (masculine), ๐ƒ๐Œน (si) (feminine), ๐Œน๐„๐Œฐ (ita) (neuter)/หˆis/, /หˆsi/, /หˆi.ta/
4we (1pl)๐…๐Œด๐Œน๐ƒ (weis)/หˆwiหs/
5you (2pl)๐Œพ๐Œฟ๐ƒ (jus)/หˆjuหs/
6they (3pl)๐Œด๐Œน๐ƒ (eis)/หˆiหs/
7this๐ƒ๐Œฐ (sa)/หˆsa/
8that๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œฝ๐ƒ (jains)/หˆjษ›หns/
9here๐Œท๐Œด๐‚ (hฤ“r)/หˆheหr/
10there๐Œธ๐Œฐ๐‚ (รพar)/หˆฮธar/
11who๐ˆ๐Œฐ๐ƒ (ฦ•as) (masculine), ๐ˆ๐‰ (ฦ•ล) (feminine)/หˆสas/, /หˆสoห/
12what๐ˆ๐Œฐ (ฦ•a)/หˆสa/
13where๐ˆ๐Œฐ๐‚ (ฦ•ar)/หˆสar/
14when๐ˆ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (ฦ•an)/หˆสan/
15how๐ˆ๐Œฐ๐Œน๐…๐Œฐ (ฦ•aiwa)/หˆสษ›ห.wa/
16not๐Œฝ๐Œน (ni)/หˆni/
17all๐Œฐ๐Œป๐Œป๐ƒ (alls)/หˆalหs/
18many๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œฒ๐ƒ (manags)/หˆma.naษกs/
19some๐ƒ๐Œฟ๐Œผ๐ƒ (sums)/หˆsums/
20few๐†๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐ƒ (faus)/หˆfษ”หs/
21other๐Œฐ๐Œฝ๐Œธ๐Œฐ๐‚ (anรพar)/หˆan.ฮธar/
22one๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œฝ๐ƒ (ains)/หˆษ›หns/
23two๐„๐…๐Œฐ๐Œน (twai)/หˆtwษ›ห/
24three๐Œธ๐‚๐Œด๐Œน๐ƒ (รพreis)/หˆฮธriหs/
25four๐†๐Œน๐Œณ๐…๐‰๐‚ (fidwลr)/หˆfid.woหr/
26five๐†๐Œน๐Œผ๐† (fimf)/หˆfimf/
27big๐Œผ๐Œน๐Œบ๐Œน๐Œป๐ƒ (mikils)/หˆmi.kils/
28long๐Œป๐Œฐ๐Œฒ๐Œฒ๐ƒ (laggs)/หˆlanษกs/
29wide๐Œฑ๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œธ๐ƒ (braiรพs)/หˆbrษ›หฮธs/
30thick
31heavy๐Œบ๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐‚๐Œฟ๐ƒ (kaurus)/หˆkษ”.rus/
32small๐Œป๐Œด๐Œน๐„๐Œน๐Œป๐ƒ (leitils)/หˆliห.tils/
33short
34narrow๐Œฐ๐Œฒ๐Œฒ๐…๐Œฟ๐ƒ (aggwus)/หˆan.ษกสทus/
35thin
36woman๐Œต๐Œน๐Œฝ๐‰ (qinล)/หˆkสทi.noห/
37man (adult male)๐…๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚ (wair), ๐Œฒ๐Œฟ๐Œผ๐Œฐ (guma)/หˆwษ›r/, /หˆษกu.ma/
38man (human being)๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ๐Œฝ๐Œฐ (manna)/หˆman.na/
39child๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐‚๐Œฝ (barn)/หˆbarn/
40wife๐Œต๐Œด๐Œฝ๐ƒ (qฤ“ns)/หˆkสทeหns/
41husband๐Œฐ๐Œฑ๐Œฐ (aba)/หˆa.ba/
42mother๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œธ๐Œด๐Œน (aiรพei)/หˆษ›ห.ฮธiห/
43father๐Œฐ๐„๐„๐Œฐ (atta), ๐†๐Œฐ๐Œณ๐Œฐ๐‚ (fadar)/หˆat.ta/, /หˆfa.dar/
44animal๐Œณ๐Œน๐Œฟ๐ƒ (dius)/หˆdiuฬฏs/
45fish๐†๐Œน๐ƒ๐Œบ๐ƒ (fisks)/หˆfisks/
46bird๐†๐Œฟ๐Œฒ๐Œป๐ƒ (fugls)/หˆfuษกls/
47dog๐Œท๐Œฟ๐Œฝ๐Œณ๐ƒ (hunds)/หˆhunds/
48louse
49snake๐…๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐‚๐Œผ๐ƒ (waurms)/หˆwษ”rms/
50worm๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐Œธ๐Œฐ (maรพa)/หˆma.ฮธa/
51tree๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐Œฒ๐Œผ๐ƒ (bagms)/หˆbaษกms/
52forest
53stick๐…๐Œฐ๐Œป๐Œฟ๐ƒ (walus), ๐Œท๐‚๐Œฟ๐Œฒ๐Œฒ๐Œฐ (hrugga)/หˆwa.lus/, /หˆhrun.ษกa/
54fruit๐Œฐ๐Œบ๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (akran)/หˆak.ran/
55seed๐†๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œน๐… (fraiw)/หˆfrษ›หw/
56leaf๐Œป๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐†๐ƒ (laufs)/หˆlษ”หfs/
57root๐…๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐‚๐„๐ƒ (waurts)/หˆwษ”rts/
58bark (of a tree)
59flower๐Œฑ๐Œป๐‰๐Œผ๐Œฐ (blลma)/หˆbloห.ma/
60grass๐Œท๐Œฐ๐…๐Œน (hawi)/หˆha.wi/
61rope
62skin
63meat๐Œผ๐Œน๐Œผ๐Œถ (mimz)/หˆmims/
64blood๐Œฑ๐Œป๐‰๐Œธ (blลรพ)/หˆbloหฮธ/
65bone
66fat (noun)
67egg
68horn๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐‚๐Œฝ (haurn)/หˆhษ”rn/
69tail
70feather
71hair๐„๐Œฐ๐Œฒ๐Œป (tagl) (singulative), ๐ƒ๐Œบ๐Œฟ๐†๐„๐Œฐ (skufta) (collective)/หˆtaษกl/, /หˆskuf.ta/
72head๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐Œฑ๐Œน๐Œธ (haubiรพ)/หˆhษ”ห.biฮธ/
73ear๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐ƒ๐‰ (ausล)/หˆษ”หsoห/
74eye๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐Œฒ๐‰ (augล)/หˆษ”หษกoห/
75nose
76mouth๐Œผ๐Œฟ๐Œฝ๐Œธ๐ƒ (munรพs)/หˆmunฮธs/
77tooth๐„๐Œฟ๐Œฝ๐Œธ๐Œฟ๐ƒ (tunรพus)/หˆtun.ฮธus/
78tongue (organ)๐„๐Œฟ๐Œฒ๐Œฒ๐‰ (tuggล)/หˆtun.ษกoห/
79fingernail
80foot๐†๐‰๐„๐Œฟ๐ƒ (fลtus)/หˆfoหtus/
81leg
82knee๐Œบ๐Œฝ๐Œน๐Œฟ (kniu)/หˆkniuฬฏ/
83hand๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฝ๐Œณ๐Œฟ๐ƒ (handus)/หˆhan.dus/
84wing
85belly๐…๐Œฐ๐Œผ๐Œฑ๐Œฐ (wamba)/หˆwam.ba/
86guts๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐Œธ๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œผ (hairรพram)/หˆhษ›r.ฮธram/
87neck๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œป๐ƒ (hals)/หˆhals/
88back
89breast๐Œฑ๐‚๐Œฟ๐ƒ๐„๐ƒ (brusts)/หˆbrusts/
90heart๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐„๐‰ (hairtล)/หˆhษ›r.toห/
91liver
92to drink๐Œณ๐‚๐Œน๐Œฒ๐Œบ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (drigkan)/หˆdrin.kan/
93to eat๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐„๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (matjan)/หˆmat.jan/
94to bite๐Œฑ๐Œด๐Œน๐„๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (beitan)/หˆbiห.tan/
95to suck
96to spit๐ƒ๐€๐Œด๐Œน๐…๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (speiwan)/หˆspiห.wan/
97to vomit
98to blow๐…๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (waian)/หˆwษ›ห.an/
99to breathe
100to laugh๐Œท๐Œป๐Œฐ๐Œท๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (hlahjan)/หˆhlah.jan/
101to see๐ƒ๐Œฐ๐Œน๐ˆ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (saiฦ•an)/หˆsษ›.สan/
102to hear๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐ƒ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (hausjan)/หˆhษ”หs.jand/
103to know๐…๐Œน๐„๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (witan)/หˆwi.tan/
104to think๐Œท๐Œฟ๐Œฒ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (hugjan) (to suppose, to mind), ๐Œธ๐Œฐ๐Œฒ๐Œบ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (รพagkjan) (to ponder), ๐Œธ๐Œฟ๐Œฒ๐Œบ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (รพugkjan) (to opine, to seem), ๐†๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œธ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (fraรพjan) (understand, realise)/หˆhuษก.jan/, /หˆฮธank.jan/, /หˆฮธunk.jan/, /หˆfraฮธ.jan/
105to smell
106to fear๐‰๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (ลgan), ๐†๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐‚๐Œท๐„๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (faurhtjan)/หˆoห.ษกan/, /หˆfษ”rht.jan/
107to sleep๐ƒ๐Œป๐Œด๐€๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (slฤ“pan)/หˆsleห.pan/
108to live๐Œป๐Œน๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (liban)/หˆliห.baหn/
109to die๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐Œณ๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐Œธ๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (gadauรพnan), ๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐ƒ๐…๐Œน๐Œป๐„๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (gaswiltan)/ษกaหˆdษ”หฮธ.nan/, /ษกaหˆswil.tan/
110to kill๐Œฟ๐ƒ๐Œต๐Œน๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (usqiman), ๐Œฐ๐†๐Œณ๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐Œธ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (afdauรพjan)/usหˆkสทi.man/, /afหˆdษ”หฮธ.jan/
111to fight๐…๐Œด๐Œน๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (weihan)/หˆwiห.han/
112to hunt
113to hit๐ƒ๐Œป๐Œฐ๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (slahan)/หˆsla.han/
114to cut๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐Œน๐„๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (maitan)/หˆmษ›ห.tan/
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig๐Œฒ๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (graban)/หˆษกra.ban/
119to swim
120to fly
121to walk๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐Œฒ๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (gaggan), ๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐Œป๐Œด๐Œน๐Œธ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (galeiรพan)/หˆษกan.ษกan, /หˆga.liหฮธan/
122to come๐Œต๐Œน๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (qiman)/หˆkสทi.man/
123to lie (as in a bed)๐Œป๐Œน๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (ligan)/หˆli.ษกan/
124to sit๐ƒ๐Œน๐„๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (sitan)/หˆsi.tan/
125to stand๐ƒ๐„๐Œฐ๐Œฝ๐Œณ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (standan)/หˆstan.dan/
126to turn (intransitive)๐…๐Œฐ๐Œฝ๐Œณ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (wandjan)/หˆwand.jan/
127to fall๐Œณ๐‚๐Œน๐Œฟ๐ƒ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (driusan)/หˆdriuฬฏ.san/
128to give๐Œฒ๐Œน๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (giban)/หˆษกi.ban/
129to hold๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (haban)/หˆha.baหn/
130to squeeze๐Œธ๐‚๐Œด๐Œน๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (รพreihan)/หˆฮธriห.han/
131to rub๐Œฑ๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (bnauan)/หˆbnษ”ห.an/
132to wash๐Œธ๐…๐Œฐ๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (รพwahan)/หˆฮธwa.han/
133to wipe๐Œฑ๐Œน๐ƒ๐…๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (biswairban)/biหˆswษ›r.ban/
134to pull๐Œธ๐Œน๐Œฝ๐ƒ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (รพinsan), ๐„๐Œน๐Œฟ๐Œท๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (tiuhan)/หˆฮธin.san/, /หˆtiuฬฏ.han/
135to push๐Œฐ๐†๐ƒ๐Œบ๐Œน๐Œฟ๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (afskiuban)/afหˆskiuฬฏ.ban/
136to throw๐…๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐€๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (wairpan)/หˆwษ›r.pan/
137to tie๐Œฑ๐Œน๐Œฝ๐Œณ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (bindan)/หˆbin.dan/
138to sew๐ƒ๐Œน๐Œฟ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (siujan)/หˆsiuฬฏ.jan/
139to count๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œธ๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (garaรพjan)/ษกaหˆraฮธ.jan/
140to say๐Œต๐Œน๐Œธ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (qiรพan)/หˆkสทi.ฮธan/
141to sing๐Œป๐Œน๐Œฟ๐Œธ๐‰๐Œฝ (liuรพลn)/หˆliuฬฏ.ฮธoหn/
142to play
143to float
144to flow๐‚๐Œน๐Œฝ๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (rinnan)/หˆrin.nan/
145to freeze
146to swell
147sun๐ƒ๐Œฟ๐Œฝ๐Œฝ๐‰ (sunnล), ๐ƒ๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐Œน๐Œป (sauil)/หˆsun.noห/, /หˆsษ”ห.il/
148moon๐Œผ๐Œด๐Œฝ๐Œฐ (mฤ“na)/หˆmeห.na/
149star๐ƒ๐„๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐Œฝ๐‰ (stairnล)/หˆstษ›r.noห/
150water๐…๐Œฐ๐„๐‰ (watล)/หˆwa.toห/
151rain๐‚๐Œน๐Œฒ๐Œฝ (rign)/หˆriษกn/
152river๐Œฐ๐ˆ๐Œฐ (aฦ•a)/หˆa.สa/
153lake๐ƒ๐Œฐ๐Œน๐…๐ƒ (saiws), ๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐‚๐Œน๐ƒ๐Œฐ๐Œน๐…๐ƒ (marisaiws)/หˆsษ›หws/, /หˆma.ri.sษ›หws/
154sea๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐‚๐Œด๐Œน (marei)/หˆma.riห/
155salt๐ƒ๐Œฐ๐Œป๐„ (salt)/หˆsalt/
156stone๐ƒ๐„๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œฝ๐ƒ (stains)/หˆstษ›หns/
157sand๐Œผ๐Œฐ๐Œป๐Œผ๐Œฐ (malma)/หˆmal.ma/
158dust๐ƒ๐„๐Œฟ๐Œฑ๐Œพ๐Œฟ๐ƒ (stubjus), ๐Œผ๐Œฟ๐Œป๐Œณ๐Œฐ (mulda)/หˆstub.jus/, /หˆmul.da/
159earth๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐Œธ๐Œฐ (airรพa)/หˆษ›r.ฮธa/
160cloud๐Œผ๐Œน๐Œป๐Œท๐Œผ๐Œฐ (milhma)/หˆmilh.ma/
161fog
162sky๐Œท๐Œน๐Œผ๐Œน๐Œฝ๐ƒ (himins)/หˆhi.mins/
163wind๐…๐Œน๐Œฝ๐Œณ๐ƒ (winds)/หˆwinds/
164snow๐ƒ๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œน๐…๐ƒ (snaiws)/หˆsnษ›หws/
165ice
166smoke
167fire๐†๐‰๐Œฝ (fลn)/หˆfoหn/
168ash๐Œฐ๐Œถ๐Œฒ๐‰ (azgล)/หˆaz.ษกoห/
169to burn๐Œฑ๐‚๐Œน๐Œฝ๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œฝ (brinnan)/หˆbrin.nan/
170road๐…๐Œน๐Œฒ๐ƒ (wigs)/หˆwiษกs/
171mountain๐†๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐Œฒ๐Œฟ๐Œฝ๐Œน (fairguni)/หˆfษ›r.ษกu.ni/
172red๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐Œธ๐ƒ (rauรพs)/หˆrauฮธs/
173green
174yellow
175white๐ˆ๐Œด๐Œน๐„๐ƒ (ฦ•eits)/หˆสiหts/
176black๐ƒ๐…๐Œฐ๐‚๐„๐ƒ (swarts)/หˆswarts/
177night๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œท๐„๐ƒ (nahts)/หˆnahts/
178day๐Œณ๐Œฐ๐Œฒ๐ƒ (dags)/หˆdaษกs/
179year๐Œพ๐Œด๐‚ (jฤ“r), ๐Œฐ๐Œธ๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œผ (aรพnam)/หˆjeหr/, /หˆaฮธ.nam/
180warm
181cold๐Œบ๐Œฐ๐Œป๐Œณ๐ƒ (kalds)/หˆkalds/
182full๐†๐Œฟ๐Œป๐Œป๐ƒ (fulls)/หˆfulหs/
183new๐Œฝ๐Œน๐Œฟ๐Œพ๐Œน๐ƒ (niujis)/หˆniuฬฏ.jis/
184old๐ƒ๐Œน๐Œฝ๐Œด๐Œน๐Œฒ๐ƒ (sineigs) (of people), ๐†๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐Œฝ๐Œด๐Œน๐ƒ (fairneis) (of things)/หˆsi.niหษกs/, /หˆfษ›r.niหs/
185good๐Œฒ๐‰๐Œธ๐ƒ (gลรพs)/หˆษกoหฮธs/
186bad๐Œฟ๐Œฑ๐Œน๐Œป๐ƒ (ubils)/หˆu.bils/
187rotten๐†๐Œฟ๐Œป๐ƒ (fuls)/หˆfuหls/
188dirty๐Œฟ๐Œฝ๐Œท๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œฝ๐ƒ (unhrains)/หˆunหŒhrษ›หns/
189straight๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œท๐„๐ƒ (raihts)/หˆrษ›hts/
190round
191sharp (as a knife)*๐ˆ๐Œฐ๐ƒ๐ƒ (*ฦ•ass)/หˆสasห/
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth๐ƒ๐Œป๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œท๐„๐ƒ (slaihts)/หˆslษ›hts/
194wet
195dry๐Œธ๐Œฐ๐Œฟ๐‚๐ƒ๐Œฟ๐ƒ (รพaursus)/หˆฮธษ”r.sus/
196correct๐Œฒ๐Œฐ๐‚๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œท๐„๐ƒ (garaihts)/ษกaหˆrษ›hts/
197near๐Œฝ๐Œด๐ˆ๐Œฐ (nฤ“ฦ•a), ๐Œฝ๐Œด๐ˆ (nฤ“ฦ•)/หˆneห.สa/, /หˆneหส/
198far๐†๐Œฐ๐Œน๐‚๐‚๐Œฐ (fairra)/หˆfษ›r.ra/
199right๐„๐Œฐ๐Œน๐Œท๐ƒ๐…๐Œฐ (taihswa)/หˆtษ›hs.wa/
200left๐Œท๐Œป๐Œด๐Œน๐Œณ๐Œฟ๐Œผ๐Œฐ (hleiduma)/หˆhliห.du.ma/
201at๐Œฐ๐„ (at)/หˆat/
202in๐Œน๐Œฝ (in)/หˆin/
203with๐Œผ๐Œน๐Œธ (miรพ)/หˆmiฮธ/
204and๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œท (jah)/หˆjah/
205if๐Œพ๐Œฐ๐Œฑ๐Œฐ๐Œน (jabai)/หˆja.bษ›ห/
206because๐Œฟ๐Œฝ๐„๐Œด (untฤ“)/หˆun.teห/
207name๐Œฝ๐Œฐ๐Œผ๐‰ (namล)/หˆna.moห/

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