Appendix:Maranao Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Maranao, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

Words

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No. English Maranao
Mëranaw
1 I ako
2 you (singular) seka
3 he, she, it sekaniyan
4 we inclusive: kita exclusive: kami
5 you (plural) kano, sekano
6 they siran
7 this ini, gini
8 that anan, giyanan
9 here sii
10 there san
11 who antay
12 what antona
13 where anda
14 when anda, andai
15 how andamanaya
16 not di
17 all bëlos, langon
18 many diyang, anowan
19 some
20 few mainot
21 other sambida
22 one isa
23 two dowa
24 three tëlo
25 four pat
26 five lima
27 big ala, batol, besar, dakola, lekong, londong, mala, miyakala
28 long malaba, malayat, malendo, marawa, matas
29 wide mabelang, maolad, maoyayang, mariberang
30 thick makapal, tibool
31 heavy betengan, mapened, mabelang
32 small ketil, kedeng, maitek, maroni, metek, maito
33 short ampadampad (of stature), mababa, kempet, makapmet
34 narrow madadas
35 thin lepit
36 woman babai
37 man (adult male) mama
38 man (human being) manosiya
39 child bata, dariday, wata (offspring)
40 wife kawing, karoma
41 husband kawing, karoma
42 mother ina, abai (used by children)
43 father ama, abo
44 animal ayam, binatang
45 fish sëda
46 bird papanok
47 dog aso
48 louse koto
49 snake nipay
50 worm olëd, tagkay
51 tree kayo
52 forest kalasan, kakayowan
53 stick barontay, mabelang
54 fruit bonga
55 seed liso
56 leaf raon
57 root bekaw
58 bark (of a tree) opis
59 flower ngiran
60 grass lalama
61 rope lobid, tali
62 skin opis, kobil
63 meat
64 blood dara
65 bone bëkëg
66 fat (noun) sibo
67 egg biga
68 horn panga
69 tail ikog
70 feather bonbol, bolbol
71 hair bok
72 head kapala, olo
73 ear tangila
74 eye mata
75 nose ngirong
76 mouth ngari
77 tooth ngipën
78 tongue (organ) dila
79 fingernail kanoko
80 foot ai
81 leg lisen
82 knee leb
83 hand lima
84 wing pakpak
85 belly tiyan
86 guts tinai
87 neck lig, lehër
88 back likod
89 breast soso
90 heart poso
91 liver atay
92 to drink inom
93 to eat kan, kun
94 to bite kambang
95 to suck sosop
96 to spit ota, doda
97 to vomit gowa
98 to blow iyop
99 to breathe ginawa
100 to laugh singa, kayad
101 to see ilay
102 to hear kaneg
103 to know seb, katawan, ngatawi
104 to think pikir
105 to smell bango
106 to fear alap, antal
107 to sleep torog
108 to live oyag
109 to die matay
110 to kill bono
111 to fight sareng
112 to hunt anop
113 to hit ambel
114 to cut bool
115 to split opak
116 to stab anop
117 to scratch kaket
118 to dig kali, kalot
119 to swim langoy
120 to fly lantap, layog
121 to walk baklay, lakaw
122 to come danon
123 to lie (as in a bed) iga
124 to sit ontod
125 to stand bolod, tindëg
126 to turn (intransitive) tinger, lengi (turn one's face)
127 to fall detong, olog
128 to give begay
129 to hold kamolo, kapët
130 to squeeze pesok, gomo (squeeze with the hand)
131 to rub koskos
132 to wash onab
133 to wipe panising
134 to pull badok
135 to push somog
136 to throw lambeg, labed
137 to tie bangan, katad
138 to sew pamanai, talo
139 to count bilang
140 to say taero
141 to sing bayok, sengal, edayda
142 to play gitagita, kasogay
143 to float letaw
144 to flow ondas, korintang
145 to freeze
146 to swell abal, lebug
147 sun ndaw
148 moon olan
149 star bitoon
150 water ig, air
151 rain oran
152 river iyolog
153 lake lanaw, ranaw
154 sea ragat
155 salt asin, timos
156 stone wato, ator
157 sand peted
158 dust bayanek, lopapek, tabenek
159 earth botae
160 cloud gabon
161 fog lekep
162 sky langit
163 wind ndo
164 snow ilo
165 ice ilo
166 smoke bel, sigopan
167 fire apoy
168 ash ombi
169 to burn tarorok, totong
170 road lalan, karsada
171 mountain bokelod
172 red riga
173 green daragadong
174 yellow binaning
175 white poti
176 black itëm
177 night gagawii
178 day alongan
179 year ragon, tahon
180 warm langga, mayaw
181 cold tenggaw, matenggaw
182 full borasa
183 new bago
184 old gaar, lokes (of people)
185 good mapiya
186 bad marata
187 rotten gabok
188 dirty resik
189 straight badeng
190 round tiboron
191 sharp (as a knife) madawis, matarëm
192 dull (as a knife) depol
193 smooth tilak, matilak
194 wet basa
195 dry mara
196 correct ontol
197 near dopek, marane
198 far mawatan
199 right kak, kawanan
200 left diwang
201 at san, sa
202 in san, sa
203 with talawid
204 and go, ago
205 if o, asar, oba
206 because ati
207 name ngaran
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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