Appendix:Ilocano Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Ilocano, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishIlocano
Iloko
edit (207)
1I (1sg)siak
2you (2sg)sika, dakayo
3he, she, it (3sg)isu, isuna
4we (1pl)datayo (inclusive), sikami (exclusive)
5you (2pl)dakayo
6they (3pl)isuda
7thisdaytoy
8thatdayta (far from speaker but closer to person being spoken to), daydiay (far from speaker and person being speaker to)
9hereditoy
10theredita (far from speaker but closer to person being spoken to), sadiay (far from speaker and person being speaker to)
11whosino, siasino
12whatania
13wheresadino
14whenkaano
15howkas-ano, kasano
16notsaan
17allamin
18manyadu
19somemaano
20fewbassit
21othersabali
22onemaysa
23twodua
24threetallo
25fouruppat
26fivelima
27bigdakkel
28longatiddog
29wideakaba, nalawa
30thicknapuskol
31heavynadagsen
32smallbassit
33shortababa, pandek
34narrowakikid
35thinnaingpis, nakuttong
36womanbabai
37man (adult male)lalaki
38man (human being)tao
39childanak, ubing
40wifebaket
41husbandlakay
42motherina
43fatherama
44animalayop, animal
45fishlames
46birdbillit
47dogaso
48lousekuto
49snakeuleg
50wormigges
51treekayo
52forestbakir
53sticksarukod
54fruitbunga
55seedbin-i
56leafbulong
57rootramot
58bark (of a tree)ukis
59flowersabong
60grassruot
61ropegalot
62skinlalatan
63meatlasag
64blooddara
65bonetulang
66fat (noun)taba
67eggitlog
68hornsara
69tailipus
70featherdutdut
71hairbuok
72headulo
73earlapayag
74eyemata
75noseagong
76mouthngiwat
77toothngipen
78tongue (organ)dila
79fingernailkuko
80footsaka
81leggurong
82kneetumeng
83handima
84wingpayak
85bellytian
86gutsbagis
87neckbengnged
88backbukot
89breastsuso
90heartpuso
91liverdalem
92to drinkaginom
93to eatmangan
94to biteagkagat
95to suckagigup
96to spittumupra
97to vomitsumarua
98to blowpumuyot
99to breatheaganges
100to laughkumatawa
101to seemakita
102to hearagdengngeg
103to knownaamuan
104to thinkagpanunot
105to smellanguten
106to fearagbuteng
107to sleepmaturog
108to liveagbiag
109to dienatay
110to killpumatay
111to fightaglaban
112to huntagsilo
113to hittumama
114to cutputiden
115to splitagpisi
116to stabagbagsol
117to scratchagkudkid
118to digagkali
119to swimaglangoy
120to flyagtayab
121to walkagmagna
122to comeumay
123to lie (as in a bed)agidda
124to sitagtugaw
125to standtumakder
126to turn (intransitive)agkillo
127to fallmatinnag
128to giveagited
129to holdagiggem
130to squeezepekkelen
131to rubagkuskos
132to washagbuggo
133to wipeagpunas
134to pullagguyod
135to pushagduron
136to throwagbagsay
137to tieagitali
138to sewagdait
139to countagbilang
140to sayagsao
141to singagkanta
142to playagay-ayam
143to floataglugan
144to flowagayus
145to freezeagbalin a yelo
146to swellbengkak, membengkak
147sunaldaw
148moonbulan
149starbituen
150waterdanum
151rainuran
152riverkarayan
153lakedanaw
154seabaybay
155saltasin
156stonebato
157sanddarat
158dustbuli
159earthdaga
160cloudulep
161fogangep
162skylangit
163windangin
164snowniebe
165iceyelo
166smokeasok
167fireapoy
168ashdapo
169to burnagpuor
170roaddalan
171mountainbantay
172rednalabaga
173greenberde
174yellowduyaw
175whitepuraw
176blackngisit
177nightrabii
178dayaldaw
179yeartawen
180warmnabara
181coldnalamiis, nalam-ek
182fullnapno
183newbaro
184olddaan (inanimate), baket, lakay (animate)
185goodnaimbag, nasayaat
186baddakes
187rottennalungsot
188dirtynarugit
189straightnalinteg
190roundnagtimbukel
191sharp (as a knife)natadem
192dull (as a knife)nangudel, napurol
193smoothnalamuyot
194wetnabasa
195drynamaga
196correctumno
197nearasideg
198faradayo
199rightkanawan
200leftkanigid
201atiti
202initi
203withkaddua
204andken
205ifno
206becausegapu
207namenagan
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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