Appendix:Friulian Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Friulian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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EnglishFriulian
furlan
edit (207)
1I (1sg)jo
2you (2sg)tu
3he, she, it (3sg)lui
4we (1pl)noaltris,
5you (2pl), voaltris
6they (3pl)lôr
7thischest
8thatchel
9hereca, chi
10there
11whocui
12whatce
13wheredulà
14whencuant
15howcemût
16notno
17alldut
18manytancj
19somecetancj, cualchi
20fewpôc
21otheraltri
22oneun
23twodoi (masculine), dôs (feminine)
24threetrê
25fourcuatri
26fivecinc
27biggrant
28longlunc
29widelarc
30thickpenç, grues
31heavypesant
32smallpiçul
33shortcurt
34narrowstret
35thinfin
36womanfemine
37man (adult male)om
38man (human being)persone
39childfrut
40wifefemine
41husbandmarît
42mothermari
43fatherpari
44animalanimâl, nemâl
45fishpes
46birducel
47dogcjan
48lousepedoli
49snakeserpint, madrac
50wormvier
51treearbul
52forestbosc
53stickbaston, mace
54fruitpome
55seedsamence
56leaffuee
57rootlidrîs
58bark (of a tree)scuarce
59flowerflôr
60grassjerbe
61ropecuarde
62skinpiel
63meatcjar
64bloodsanc
65bonevues
66fat (noun)gras
67eggûf
68horncuar
69tailcode
70featherplume
71haircjavel
72headcjâf
73earorele
74eyevoli
75nosenâs
76mouthbocje
77toothdint
78tongue (organ)lenghe
79fingernailongule
80footpît
81leggjambe
82kneezenoli
83handman
84wingale
85bellypanze
86gutsintestin
87neckcuel
88backschene
89breastpet
90heartcûr
91liverfiât
92to drinkbevi
93to eatmangjâ
94to bitemuardi
95to sucksupâ
96to spitspudâ
97to vomitgomitâ
98to blowsoflâ
99to breatherespirâ
100to laughridi
101to seeviodi
102to hearsintî
103to knowsavê
104to thinkpensâ
105to smellnasâ
106to feartemi
107to sleepdurmî
108to livevivi
109to diemurî
110to killcopâ
111to fightlotâ
112to huntcjaçâ
113to hitcolpî
114to cuttaiâ
115to splitdividi
116to stabscurtissâ
117to scratchsgrafâ
118to digscavà
119to swimnadâ
120to flysvolâ
121to walkcjaminâ
122to comevignî
123to lie (as in a bed)distirâsi
124to sitsintâsi
125to standstâ impins
126to turn (intransitive)zirâ
127to fallcolâ
128to give
129to holdtignî
130to squeezestruça
131to rubrussâ
132to washlavâ
133to wipesuiâ
134to pulltirâ
135to pushsburtâ
136to throwlançâ
137to tieleâ
138to sewcusî
139to countcontâ
140to say
141to singcjantâ
142to playzuiâ
143to floatvongolâ
144to flowscolâ
145to freezeglaçâ
146to swellsglonfâ
147sunsoreli
148moonlune
149starstele
150wateraghe
151rainploie
152riverflum
153lakelâc
154seamâr
155saltsâl
156stonepiere
157sandsavalon
158dustpolvar
159earthtiere
160cloudnûl
161fogfumate
162skycîl
163windvint
164snownêf
165iceglaç
166smokefum
167firefûc
168ashcinise
169to burnbrusâ
170roadstrade
171mountainmontagne
172redros
173greenvert
174yellowzâl
175whiteblanc
176blackneri
177nightgnot
178day
179yearan
180warmcjalt
181coldfrêt
182fullplen
183newgnûf
184oldvieli
185goodbon
186badtrist
187rottenvuast
188dirtysoç
189straightdret
190roundtaront
191sharp (as a knife)uçât
192dull (as a knife)asiât
193smoothlis
194wetumit
195drysec
196correctjust
197neardongje
198farluntano
199rightdrete
200leftçambe
201ata
202inin
203withcun
204ande
205ifse
206becauseparcè
207namenon
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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